Lipid Identification and Extraction Techniques - Biotechnological Applications of Microalgae - page 91

TABLE 7.1
Biodiesel (B 100 ) Standards Used in the United States (ASTM D6751) and
Europe Union (EN 14214)

Biodiesel Standards

Parameters EN Method Values ASTM Method Values

Density, 15°C EN 3675,

EN 12185

860-900 kg m −3 - -

Kinematic viscosity,
40°C

EN 3104/3105 3.5-5.0 mm 2 s −1 ASTM D445 1.9-6.0 mm 2 s −1

Flash point EN 3679 120°C (min.) ASTM D93 93°C (min.)

Sulfur content EN 20846 10 ppm ASTM D5453 15 ppm

Carbon residue EN 10370 0.30% (mol mol −1 )

(max.)

ASTM D4530 0.050% mass

(max.)

Cetane number EN 5165 51 (min.) ASTM D613 47 (min.)

Copper strip corrosion EN 2160 No. 1 ASTM D130 No. 3 (max.)

Phosphorous content EN 14107 10.0 mg kg −1

(max.)

ASTM D4951 0.001% mass

(max.)

Oxidation stability EN 14112 6.0 h (min.) EN 14112 3.0 h (min.)

Acid value EN 14104 0.50 mg KOH g −1

(max.)

ASTM D664 0.50 mg KOH

g −1 (max.)

Free glycerol EN 14105,

EN 14106

0.020% (mol mol −1 )
(max.)

ASTM D6584 0.020% mass

Total glycerol EN 14105 0.25% (mol mol −1 )

(max.)

ASTM D6584 0.24% mass

kinematic viscosity (KV), higher heating value (HHV), Cetane Number (CN), den-
sity, flashpoint, cold flow properties (cloud and pour points), carbon residue, oxi-
dation stability, ash content, ignition quality, acid value (AV), saponification value
(SV), and iodine value (IV). These properties can be compared with well-established
international fuel standards for ensuring fuel quality for diesel engine applications.
Properties such as SV, IV, and CN are considered more important for assessing
alternate diesel fuels because they give basic information about the ignition quality
of fuel, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), and the ignition properties of
FAMEs, respectively. The higher iodine values of algal oil indicate the presence of
higher UFAs, and heating these UFAs may be lead to the formation of deposits due
to the polymerization of glycerides at high temperatures (Mittelbach, 1996; Ramos
et al., 2009). The algal oils/FAMEs containing higher degrees of unsaturation are not
recommended for biodiesel. The values of the SV, IV, and CN can be easily calcu-
lated from the lipid profiles of algal oil using equations developed by Krisnangkura
(1986) and Kalayasiri et al. (1996).
Based on the lipid profiles of identified strains/species grown on a laboratory
scale, they can be easily screened for suitability in biofuel production. Based on cor-
relations developed between fatty acid compositions and the fuel properties of oils,
the fuel quality of biodiesel derived from selected algal oils can be predicted through