Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
A
B
C
D
Mineralization height 1.6 µm
a
c
Y
X
Y
E
F
G
H
K
I
J
4T
3T
2T
1T
1 µm
1 µm
(X,Y) in µm
1
(1,1)
2
(1,2)
3
(1,4)
4
(1,6)
5
(2,1)
6
(2,2)
7
(2,4)
8
(2,6)
Mineralization height 2.4 µm
1 µm
T in µm
9
(4,1)
10
(4,2)
11
(4,4)
12
(4,6)
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
13
(6,1)
14
(6,2)
15
(6,4)
16
(6,6)
Z = 0.6 µm
b
100
d
9
80
7
60
5
40
3
2
10
Z = 1.6 µm
Z = 2.4 µm
0
Z = 1.6 µm
Z = 2.4 µm
FIGURE 6.11
Microtopographical.libraries.to.screen.for.cell.differentiation..(From.Jette.Lovmand,.
Jeannette. Justesen,. Morten. Foss,. Rune. Hoff. Lauridsen,. Michael. Lovmand,. Charlotte. Modin,.
Flemming.Besenbacher,.Finn.Skou.Pedersen,.and.Mogens.Duch,.“The.use.of.combinatorial.topograph-
ical.libraries.for.the.screening.of.enhanced.osteogenic.expression.and.mineralization,”.
Biomaterials
.30,.
2015-2022,.2009..Reprinted.with.permission.from.Elsevier.)
6.2.3 Muscle Cell Differentiation
Muscle cell cultures provide several advantageous features as cell biology testbeds: (a) their gene
expression proiles are relatively robust and similar to those seen in vivo; (b) cell lines are avail-
able for diferentiation studies from cellular to tissue-level functions—the cells can be induced
to fuse (skeletal muscle cells) or form junctions (cardiac muscle cells); and (c) their electro-
physiological addressability and mechanical output is invaluable for fundamental studies of the
neuromuscular junction (NMJ), muscle waste, neuroprosthetic devices, and microactuators.
Utilizing the full power of muscle cells in culture, however, requires a good control over muscle
cell diferentiation. Microengineering can be a powerful tool to achieve degrees of diferentia-
tion that cannot be achieved in a plain petri dish.
