Environmental Engineering Reference
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inherent ignorance while emphasizing the need for a shared vision and continuous
adaptive management based on social learning. In this chapter, we have made a case
for ecological economics as a normative, postnormal science. Although ecological
economics has made substantial contributions to the developments of postnormal sus-
tainability technologies (Frame and Brown 2008), people still have a long way to go
before accepting postnormal science as an effective way of gaining knowledge and
crafting public policy. According to Müller (2003), ecological economics itself is still
at the crossroads between normal and postnormal science. We agree with Müller that
the main strength of ecological economics is its focus on seeking solutions to immi-
nent problems. If ecological economics is to remain as a revolutionary paradigm shift
from neoclassical economics and not be absorbed into the mainstream economics as
a branch, researchers must consciously examine the broader social relevance of their
research questions and be clear about their aims and responsibilities.
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