Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
encroachment and eploitaion. This will need
the construcion of living quarters and parol
camps, the availability of funds for porterage and
tentage and the development of a patrolling ethic
amongst all staff cadres. Financial resources must
be available to pay standard parol allowances.
Again, joint management srategies between
govenment and local people may reduce the need
to maintain expensive regulatory control by
Government.
Hall (1983) has laid down guidelines for the
management of strict nature reserves in forest.
Major management aciviies include parolling
and prevenion of intrusion, and reduction of
extenal threats, e.g. ire and exoics. Sinclair
(1983) discusses the role of Protected Areas as
baseline study sites and suggests that manage-
ment be greatly limited.
Few guidelines for pracical management of
forested watersheds eist for the East African
situaion. F AO (1985) gives an overview of water-
shed management needs and states
ber producion. Subsidiary regulaions protecing
sream banks and spring sources should be
enforced. Timber extraction can be opimised or
profit or or reduced environmental impact. The
scarcity of orest resources in easten Africa sug-
gests the importance of the latter criterion.
Fire plays a major role in reducing closed forest
values and in destroying forest itself. Fire preven-
tion must be a major funcion of management.
Techniques of ire breaks, back buning, shelter-
belt planing, etc. are well known; they require
implementaion. Fire ighing capability requires
strengthening; this will require the cooperaion of
local people.
These ideas are discussed below. Management
is categorised into direct pracices, including log-
ging regulaion, which immediately afect the
resource; and indirect pracices which affect the
resource by modifying pressure by local people.
Saunders et a. (1991) describe two disinct sets of
management acion for ragmented forests. These
are the management of the natural system or the
intenal dynamics of the area; and the manage-
ment of the extenal influences on the natural
system. For large areas the emphasis should be on
the former, whereas for smaller remnants the
emphasis should be on the latter. Tradiional
reserve management has stopped at the reserve
borders; but the fluxes of water, nurients and
organisms do not. Management therefore has to
place the reserve firmly within the context of the
surrounding landscape. This has important impli-
caions or managers as it forces them to interact
with peripheral land users.
Finally, the idea of restoring degraded forest
land is discussed. Restoraion ecoloy is a grow-
ing field of study, and one of importance for many
easten Africa forest areas (see Jordan, Peters &
Allen, 1988; Stanley-Price, 1989; Usher, 1991).
effective watershed management is rarely found
in mountainous watershed of developing
countries; the development of appropriate
pracices is hampered by a lack of relevant
raining, insufficient applied research, and
limited demonstration projects.
Efecive watersheds, especially on steep slopes,
need total protecion from exploitaion which can
be achieved by effecive parolling.
The concept of zonaion of forest and land use
objecives allows an intensificaion of forest
management. Whilst a forest designated as a full
nature reserve should have the minimum of mani-
pulaive management, other objecives demand
more intensive inputs. Forest areas designated as
priority watersheds may require ameliorative
management involving reducion of erosion by
gully-plugging, check-dams, the enhancement of
natural regeneraion and perhaps the planting of
selected species on understocked areas.
Silvicultural pracices for developing timber
values are known for some species. Whilst these
pracices may cause a loss of biological diversity
and even reduced water retention capability, they
can be applied to forest areas designated for im-
Direa managemnt praaices
These pracices include the reducion of illegal
exploitaion. In buffer zones exploitaion can be
legalised on a sustained yield basis. The village
system of govenment in Tanzania gives local
people a great ability to monitor and regulate their
own aciviies (see Bell, 1985; Poffenberger,
1990a, b, for a discussion on the need to involve
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