The montane butterflies of the eastern Afrotropics - Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa - page 140

dijunaus rom South Africa to Zimbabwe, connex-
ivus from Zimbabwe to southern Tanzania and
Angola, and bamnanus from Cameroun.
According to Kielland (1978), disjunaus and con-
nexivus are separate species, the former occurring
in open grassland, the latter in woodland and
grassland. We follow Kielland here, and since
connexivus is not exclusively a grassland species it
is not included in Appendix 8.1. It leaves the exact
relaionship of bamenanus open, although on the
basis of disribuion only a close relaionship with
connexivus is most probable.

100 species throughout the Afroropical region,
Madagascar and in Arabia, flying in woodland,
arid woodland, open habitats, and (highland)
grassland. Apart from the six species listed in
Appendix 8.1 there are some 20 more species in
the area.

Lycaena (Lycaenidae). In its broadest sense the
genus comprises about 30 Palaearctic and 16
Nearcic species, but usually it is split into a num-
ber of genera. In its restricted sense the genus
comprises about nine Palaearcic, one Nearcic
and one Holarcic species. Most remarkable is the
occurrence in New Zealand of three species
which differ only slightly from Palaearcic rela-
ives. From the Afrotropical region four species
are reported: phlaeas (Holarcic, one of the most
adaptable butterflies, from the desert oases in Iraq
to the shores of the Arctic Ocean), the East Afri-
can abbotii (could as well be a subspecies of
phlaeas, according to Stempffer, 196 7), and the
South African ous and clarki.

Hapndyrus (Lycaenidae). Of the 15 species of
this genus 12 are restricted to the montane grass-
lands of the study area, and three occur in South
Africa, in (highland) grassland and (one species)
in open habitats.

Aaizera (Lycaenidae). Three species: one
endemic in Madagascar, one in open habitats
from East to South Africa, in West Africa and
Madagascar, and stellata in highland grassland in
easten Africa and, disjunctly, in the Cape
Province.

Antanartia (Nymphalidae). One species in Mada-
gascar, Reunion and Mauriius, one (abyssinica) in
the highland grasslands of EAT, and four in for-
ests all over Africa (and in Madagascar). Of the
latter, three occur in the study area.

Eicochysops (Lycaenidae). The two taxa listed in
Appendix 8.1 are considered subspecies and con-
specific with the South African messapus
(nominotypical subspecies) and mahalakoaena
(South Africa to Tanzania). However, Kielland
(1978) lists nandianus and mahallakoaena as separ-
ate species both occurring in southwestern
Tanzania. This classiicaion is followed here.
Since mahallakoaena occurs in grassland (Kiel-
land, 1978) as well as in deciduous woodland
(Gifford, 1965) it is not included in Appendix 8.1.

Aryreus (Nymphalidae). A monotypic genus. A.
hyperbius occurs widely in the Oriental region,
from Sri Lanka and India to Java and the Philip-
pines. Som. authors place it in the Palaearcic
genus Arynnis, the delimitaion of which is sill a
matter of debate.

Issoria (Nymphalidae). In the Afroropical region
there are three species. All three are represented
in EAT: hanningtoni is an endemic, smaragdifera
also occurs slightly further south (E Zimbabwe),
baumanni also occurs further west (border region
Zaire/Zambia; isolated localiies in Zaire;
Cameroun). The species are found in grasslands
but usually near forest. The genus is represented
in the Palaearcic by three species, two of which
are restricted to Asiaic mountains. As delimited
by Warren (1956) the genus also comprises five
South American species (higher parts of the

Euchysops (Lycaenidae). The genus is, with 23
species, distributed throughout the Afroropical
region, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, and in
Arabia. The species are found in arid woodland,
open habitats, grassland and highland grassland.
Apart from the three montane grassland species
listed in Appendix 8.1 there are nine species of
the genus in the area.

Lpiochysops (Lycaenidae). A large genus of over