Biotransformation (Metabolism) of Pesticides - Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition - page 72

5

CHAPTER

Biotransformation (Metabolism)
of Pesticides

Ernest Hodgson
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Outline
Introduction 73

External Transformation 74

Biotransformation 75

Biotransformation in the Liver 79

CYP and FMO Monooxygenation 80

Other Phase I Enzymes 81

Phase II Enzymes 89

Comparative Aspects 90

Biotransformation in Extrahepatic Tissues 90

Lung 90

Nasal Tissues 91

Skin 92

Kidney 92

Central Nervous System 92

Gastrointestinal Tract 93

Metabolism in Humans 93

Toxicity of Metabolites 94

Physiological Factors Affecting Biotransformation 95

Developmental Effects 95

Species Differences 96

Individual and Strain Differences 96

Gender Differences 96

Genetic Factors 97

Tolerance and Resistance 98

Tolerance 98

Resistance 98

Conclusions 100

References 101

Further Reading 116

INTRODUCTION
The word metabolism may be used to designate the sum of chemical reactions that serve
to maintain life. Parts of this integrated whole are spoken of as protein metabolism, fat