Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
Monotype. A trade name for a keyboard-
operated typesetting machine that casts
individual letters from matrices.
Montage. A series of shots that combine
into a sequence to condense space or time, or
suggest a feeling or idea.
Multiple master fonts. An extension
of PostScript fonts that contain two or
more masters from which a wide range
of typestyles can be created. Replaced by
OpenType.
Pantone Matching System (PMS). The
trademarked name of a system for specifying
colors and inks that is a standard in the
printing industry.
Paragraph mark. Typographic elements
that signal the beginning of a paragraph. For
example, ΒΆ.
Parallel construction. In typography, the
use of similar typographic elements or
arrangements to create a visual unity or to
convey a relationship in content.
PDF. Abbreviation for portable document
format. A file format that encodes a
description of the layout, typefaces, and
images, allowing accurate display and
printing of the file without the software used
to create it.
Photocomposition. The process of setting
type by projecting light onto light-sensitive
film or paper.
Photodisplay typesetting. The process of
setting headline type on film or paper by
photographic means.
Phototype. Type matter set on film or
paper by photographic projection of type
characters.
Pica. A typographic unit of measurement:
12 points equal 1 pica; 6 picas equal
approximately 1 inch. Line lengths and
column widths are measured in picas.
Pixel. Abbreviation for picture element;
the smallest dot that can be displayed on a
screen.
Point. A measure of size used principally in
typesetting. One point is equal to 1/12 of a
pica, or approximately 1/72 of an inch. It is
most often used to indicate the size of type or
amount of leading added between lines.
PostScript. A page-description programming
language created by Adobe Systems that
handles text and graphics, placing them on
the page with mathematical precision.
Proof. Traditionally, an impression from
metal type for examination and correction;
now applies to initial output for examination
and correction before final output.
Proportional spacing. Spacing in a font
adjusted to give wide letters ( M ) a larger set
width than narrow letters ( I ).
Resolution. The degree of detail and clarity
of a display; usually specified in dots per
inch (dpi/ppi). The higher the resolution, or
the greater the number of dpi, the sharper
the image.
Responsive design. A design strategy in
which content responds to the screen size it
is being viewed on, fitting text and images
into the frame for each device.
Reverse. Type or image that is dropped out
of a printed area, revealing the paper surface.
Reverse leading. A reduction in the amount
of interline space, making it less than normal
for the point size. For example, 12-point type
set on an 11-point body size becomes reverse
leading of 1 point. See Minus spacing .
Revival. A little-used historic typeface
previously unavailable in current font
formats, now released for contemporary
tech nolog y.
River. In text type, a series of interword
spaces that accidentally align vertically or
diagonally, creating an objectionable flow of
white space within the column.
Roman. Upright letterforms, as distinguished
from italics. More specifically, letters in an
alphabet style based on the upright, serifed
letterforms of Roman inscriptions.
Rule. In handset metal type, a strip of metal
that prints as a line. Generally, any line used
as an element in typographic design.
Runaround. Type that is set with a shortened
line measure to fit around a photograph,
drawing, or other visual element inserted
into the running text.
Run in. To set type without a paragraph
indentation or other break. Also, to insert
additional matter into the running text as
part of an existing paragraph.
Running foot or running footer. A line of
text repeated throughout a document and
positioned at or near the bottom of a page.
See Footer .
Running head or running header. Ty p e at
the head of sequential pages, providing a
title or other information. See Header .
N
Neo-grotesque. Term used to describe a
derivation of Grotesque sans serif typefaces.
Characteristics include less contrast in
stroke width, curved strokes that terminate
as a horizontal, higher x-heights, and shorter
descenders.
O
Oblique. A slanted roman character. Unlike
many italics, oblique characters do not have
cursive design properties.
Offset lithography. A printing method using
flat photomechanical plates in which the
inked image is transferred or offset from the
printing plate onto a rubber blanket and then
onto the paper.
Old Style. Typeface styles derived from
fifteenth- to eighteenth-century designs
and characterized by moderate thick-and-
thin contrasts, bracketed serifs, and a
handwriting influence.
Old Style figures. Numerals that exhibit
a variation in size, including characters
aligning with the lowercase x-height, and
others with ascenders or descenders:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .
OpenType. A font file format created by
Adobe Systems and Microsoft that works
on both platforms and supports expanded
character sets.
Optical adjustment. The precise visual
alignment and spacing of typographic
elements done by eye to achieve consistent
spacing.
Orphan. A single word on a line, left over at
the end of a paragraph, sometimes appearing
at the top of a column of text. See Widow .
Outline type. Letterforms described by
a contour line that encloses the entire
character on all sides. The interior usually
remains open.
S
Sans serif. Typefaces without serifs.
Scene. A segment of a film. Several shots
make up a scene. Several scenes make up a
sequence.
Script. Typefaces based on handwriting,
usually having connecting strokes between
the letters. Compare Cursive .
Semantics. The science of meaning in
linguistics; the study of the relationships
between signs and symbols, and what they
represent.
Sequence. A segment of a film. Several
scenes make up a sequence. Several
sequences make up a film.
Serifs. Small elements added to the ends of
the main strokes of a letterform in serifed
type styles.
Q
Quad. In metal type, pieces of type metal
shorter than type-high, which are used as
spacing matter to separate elements and fill
out lines.
Quoins. Wedges use to lock up metal type in
the chase. These devices are tightened and
loosened by a quoin key.
P
Pagination. The sequential numbering of
pages. Sometimes presented as a diagram
of small thumbnails of the cover and each
spread.
Panning shot. A camera movement used in
film or simulated in animation where the
subject is stationary and the camera moves
from left to right.
R
Ragged. See Unjustified type .
Recto. In publication design, the right-hand
page. Page one always appears on a recto, as
do all odd-numbered pages. The left-hand
page is called the verso.
 
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