Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
MACHINE COMPOSITION
1880s to 1960s
Linotype
One of the most profound developments in typesetting technology
was the invention of the Linotype machine (Fig.
7-4
) by Ottmar
Mergenthaler in 1886. This machine represented the first great step
toward typographic automation. Its name was coined because it
produced a single line of type to a predetermined length specified by
the keyboard operator.
The operation of the Linotype was based on the principle of a
circulating matrix. Each time a key was pressed, a single brass matrix
(Fig.
7-5
) was released from an overhead magazine, divided into ninety
vertical channels, each containing matrices for one character. The
magazine was the character storage case for the machine. Once an entire
line had been typed, the matrices moved into an automatic casting
mechanism where the line of type was cast from molten lead. As each
line was being cast, the operator typed the next line. After the casting
process was complete, cast lines of type called slugs (Fig.
7-6
) were
ejected from the mold, and the matrices were automatically returned to
their appropriate slot in the magazine for reuse.
The advantages of machine composition as compared to hand
composition were obvious. It was faster and more accurate; the
problem of type distribution (returning characters to the type case) was
eliminated, for the cast lines of type were simply melted, and the lead
was reused. Justification of type was automatic, eliminating the tedious
process of inserting spaces between letters and words. A standard
Linotype could cast lines up to thirty picas in length.
An important development for linecasting type was the
Teletypesetter. This perforated tape-driven machine—an attachment
to Linotype and Intertype—was introduced in 1928. Tape, which
was punched by a machine similar to a standard typewriter, could
be generated from a distant office and transmitted to the linecaster by
wire, which made the machine invaluable to news services.
7-4
Linotype machine.
7-5
Linotype matrix.
7-6
A Linotype slug.
