Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
Some frogs are bluffing by inflating their
body and standing on its hind legs, other 'scream'
loudly or remain immobile. There are many forms
of parental care in frogs.
It has been reported that many sea animals can
sense the coming eruptions of submarine volca-
noes, possibly through acoustic vibrations. These
underwater fissures in the Earth surface located
mostly near ocean ridges (tectonic plate movement
areas) account for 75% of annual magma output.
In the past, life on the seafloor was perishing be-
cause of the two huge volcanic eruptions; the age
of dinosaurs might end about 65 million years ago
for the same reason, especially due to the rise of
the levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and
other greenhouse gases followed by the climate
warming and two mass extinctions.
Processing as the information and communication
tools related to the numeral perception and serving
for nonverbal communication between individuals
and computers, as well as for HCI.
The Numerical and Verbal Cognition
There is an opposition between Symbolist theories
(the thinking occurs in mental symbols) and Con-
ceptualist theories (mental symbols are products
of the thinking about conceptual and abstract
entities). The numerical cognition involves mental
processes of acquiring and processing knowledge
and understanding of numbers. Adults, infants, and
animals have already revealed a shared system of
representing numbers as analog magnitudes (that
contain information on a continuous scale not
restricted to a specific set of values). Researchers
look for correlations between verbal (language
dependent) and nonverbal number knowledge. Ac-
cording to Bar-David, Compton, Drennan, Finder,
Grogan, & Leonard (2009), the number concepts
can be categorized into two major conceptual
camps: language-independent model that claims
that nonverbal number concepts are not shaped
or created by verbal number understanding and
abilities, and the language-dependent model that
claims that the use and development of number
in verbal activities enables children to become
proficient (conceptually and procedurally) with
numbers.
One hypothesis is that language is necessary
to produce thought and children are unable to
think about exact number quantities without first
learning and mastering verbal counting. Gordon
(2004) and then Frank, Everett, Fedorenko, &
Gibson (2008) examined connections between
language and numbers in a research with the
Piraha people, an indigenous hunter-gatherer
Amazonian tribe mainly located in Brazil. The
Piraha have a counting system with words for
“one,” “two,” and “many” but no exact verbal
number words for numbers higher than two; the
lack of language for exact large numbers affected
THE SENSE OF NUMBERS:
COMMUNICATION
USING NUMERALS
In many studies and publications explorations
about the sense of numbers take a form of a dis-
cussion about nonverbal counting and searching
whether there is thought, especially math thought,
without language. Human beings are capable of
developing capacities of an exquisitely high order
in many semi-autonomous intellectual realms.
Howard Gardner thought of those processing ca-
pabilities in terms of environmental information
processing devices, for example, he considered the
perception of certain recurrent patterns, including
numerical patterns, to be the core of logical math-
ematical intelligence (Gardner, 1983/2011; 2006).
As stated by Rudolph Arnheim (1969, 1974),
perceptual sensitivity is the ability to see a visual
order of shapes as images of patterned forces that
underlie our existence. The Arnheim's approach
to perceptual sensitivity somehow corresponds to
the way computer scientists talk about the codes
in terms of for patterns. One may also ponder
about programming languages such as HTML or
