Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
Translation from Nature
to Idea and Production:
Biology-Based Strategies
with the use of the Brushes iPhone and the iPad
application (presented at his show Fleurs fraîches
at La Fondation Pierre Bergé in Paris). Hockney
is considered the first acknowledged artist using
the networkable new media with portable applica-
tions running independently from the computer's
operating system.
These days a growing number of people,
including computer art students, use the iPad
in several ways and create their work using an
iPad (Fuglestad & Tiedemann, 2013; Apple in
Education, 2013; Artlyst London Art Network,
2012; Makeuseof, 2013; The Teaching Palette,
2013).
In
molecular biology
and
genetics
translation
refers to processes in macromolecules such as a
proteins, nucleic acids, or synthetic polymers,
which contain a very large number of atoms.
Translation denotes a stage in protein biosynthesis
in gene expression. To synthesize a protein or a
polypeptide (a polymer consisting of amino-acid
residues connected by peptide bonds to form a
protein molecule), molecules of the messenger
RNA transfer, in a translation stage, the triplets of
nucleotides to amino acids. Following the solution
of the DNA structure and the deciphering of the
genetic code instructing the translation of RNA
transcripts, Francis Crick introduced the term
'Central Dogma' (Crick, 1958 and then Crick,
1970). The central dogma of molecular biology
depicted the flow of genetic information between
macromolecules as proceeding from DNA to RNA
to protein. Many animations on the web present
the essence of the translation process.
In technological systems, translation of the
data serves many managerial, security, or military
purposes. For example, translation and adjust-
ment of the data from the street webcam images
served to generate a response to civic space.
Translation of the viewer/object relationship into
material form was achieved with the use of an
array of open-source digital software (Matthews
& Perin, 2011).
Images enhance connections between biology,
engineering, and material sciences result-
ing in growing partnership among academia,
laboratories, and industry. Scientists focus on
biology-inspired research to understand how
biological systems work, and then create sys-
tems and materials that would have efficiency
and precision of living structures. The use of
bio-inspired ways for developing new solutions
applies to a number of venues. Translation of
form to function is one of the ways of design-
ing new applications and devices. It is often
discussed in terms of the 'form follows func-
tion' approach; for example, by examining a
symmetrical makeup of the butterfly's wings
that allows flying. Imitating living systems to
create materials that function in a similar way
as living beings and respond to external stimuli
with a response is another way of translation of
biological data to materials science. Inventors
develop systems inspired by structures that
can be seen in nature, such as optical fibers,
liquid crystals, or structures that scatter light.
Many times designers combine biomaterials
with artificial ones to create hybrid materials
and technologies. Numerous authors describe
how bio-inspired technologies change the way
people think in the fields of computing, software
management, material science and material
design, resource management, developments in
computer technologies, and many other fields.
According to the National Research Council
of the National Academies (2008), strategies for
creation of new materials and systems may be char-
acterized as (1) bio-mimicry, (2) bio-inspiration,
and (3) bio-derivation. By applying bio-mimicry
people design structures that function in just the
same way as living systems and create synthetic
materials that respond to external stimuli. With
bio-inspiration people strive to create structures
