Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
2003). Paradigms and methods developed in the
field of computational intelligence involve the
developments in artificial neural networks, fuzzy
systems, and evolutionary computing, for example,
building algorithms based on swarm intelligence or
artificial immune systems. Researchers make the
mind models and map them to the corresponding
brain parts, thus attempting to unify natural and
artificial intelligence (Weng, 2012).
People can create virtual environment in
their own minds without any technology. Picture
topics, theatre, television, and movies extract
abstract information of the story into concrete
visual scenes to enhance experience and evoke
emotions. Readers and listeners convey the words
into virtual environment in their own minds. One
can achieve simulation with or without immersion
in the simulated world. In the desktop-type 3D
virtual environment, the real world is not blocked
out from the user who can see through a window
and communicate by mouse and keyboard. Virtual
objects that are not presented in life size do not
create the illusion of immersion.
Developing virtual reality, ambient intelli-
gence, multimedia, and robotics becomes crucial
for technological development for both corpora-
tions and universities. Apart from data graphics
displayed in various graphical ways, tools used for
work and entertainment include augmented reality
and virtual reality; they link science, engineer-
ing, technology, and art in service of real-time,
immersive, and 3-dimensional interaction with
the collaborative and intelligent environments,
where people can interact with each other and
with artificial agents.
desktop type or an immersive one that visually and
physically isolates users from the environment and
awareness of reality. Avatars, characters created
in artificial environment represent the users who
may control them with head-mounted displays
and gloves. Without a need of any glasses smart
interactive 3D content seems to float in space in
and outside of the screen. Visual displays, body
and head tracking interfaces, aural (acoustic) and
haptic (force and touch) feedback, and peripher-
als such as acoustic and haptic displays provide
the illusion of immersion. Data communication
goes through the wired, wireless, stand-alone or
networked channels.
Augmented reality adds graphics, sounds,
haptics (force and touch), and smell to the natural
world. Integrated solutions combine the single-
sense display types or provide virtual stimuli to
several sensory modalities; visual, audio, haptic,
or, less frequently, smell and taste (Coquillart,
2012). Augmented reality interfaces build ap-
plications with an audio-visual augmentation,
realistic object augmentation (e.g., with aug-
mented shadows), image augmentation, textual
annotations, and audio augmentation (Liarokapis,
White, & Lister, 2004). Gimeno, Morillo, Ordu,
& Fernández (2012) developed the software
framework, an easy-to-use augmented reality
authoring tool for non-programming users, to
develop the AR prototypes for industrial ap-
plications; the time needed for developing the
prototypes was much lower than with computer
graphics programming.
Virtual reality links technology and art in
service of real-time, immersive, and 3-dimen-
sional interaction with computer-generated
environments. Augmented, virtual reality, and
Second Life play an increasing role in lives of
participants. Projects may refer to various con-
figurations and visual appearances, involving
the use of light, sound, such as music and voice
including songs, haptic experiences, touch, and
gesture. Particular solutions may be also attained
AUGMENTED AND
VIRTUAL REALITY
On the spectrum between virtual reality and the
real world, augmented reality is closer to the real
world. The hardware and software is designed as a
