Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
Most visualization techniques and tools are based
on the graph metaphor, including the extensive re-
search on graph layout algorithms. Metaphor-based
animated environments can map the abstract pro-
gramming concepts to concrete metaphors. For
example, virtual environment may be based on a
garden metaphor for visualization of complex sys-
tems, with programs constructed in a way resembling
a video game. In a similar way as the game players,
data miners rapidly become familiar with the topic.
Visualization created in the immersive virtual real-
ity is an example of interactive visualization; people
can explore in real time information perceived as a
close and real (not abstract) thing, and receive feed-
back about their actions. Many times interactive
visualization becomes collaborative, when people
who are physically distant communicate and control
visualization using networked computers, mobiles,
and video conferencing, to focus on particular ap-
proaches to information visualization such as theo-
ry, techniques, usability, and applications. Informa-
tion visualization may serve scientific theories and
fields including applications of graph theory, geo-
metric modeling and imaging, interaction design for
information visualization, visual analytics, virtual
environments, geo analytics, biomedical informatics,
biomedical visualization, web visualization, cul-
tural heritage knowledge visualization, aesthetics,
education, visualization in software engineering,
architecture, visualization in built and rural environ-
ments, and many other fields. It serves for conveying
information in online journalism, business manage-
ment, technical writing, social networks, and in
education. For instance, the architecture of a software
system can be understood easier when a visual
query, constructed on the display, helps us to find a
pattern of highly connected components in a node
link diagram. Girot and Truniger (2006) proposed
replacing maps, perspectives and photographic stills
with dynamic video presentation as a tool for visu-
alizing landscape. They introduced an analytical
grid for the evaluation of video as a means of visu-
alizing landscape perception from the vantage point
of the slowest traveler, the pedestrian.
Visual framework of the visualization science
provides a way of dealing with massive amounts
of data. Visual presentation of large data sets is
in demand because web became the main carrier
of information. When we use the search engines,
too much data must be scrolled on the screen, so
new browsers or new ways of visualization, such
as cloud visualization, are necessary to present
information. It can be done with the use of infor-
mation visualization, data mining, and semantic
web. The semantic web means the use of visualiza-
tions providing metaphors for web navigation and
communication. A structured semantic network
above information resources bridges knowledge
representation and information management. Data
mining discovers meaningful patterns in large
data. It is often used in business, e.g., for assessing
client risk in a bank loan. It is also used against
possible terrorist acts. Results can be visualized
using virtual environments based on a metaphor.
Web-search result visualization can be done
in a glyph form. Glyphs are single graphical
units, which are able to portray many variables
by adapting their properties, just helping to over-
view, examine details, and abstract information
about the very large, multivariate data sets. An
early example was developed by Chernoff (1973)
who represented multi-variable data through face
expressions as a way of displaying interactive
content. Further works involving face expression
as information visualization tool included works
by Loizides and Slater (Loizides, 2012; Loizides
& Slater, 2001 and 2002). By observing data
points represented on a glyph, such as a sphere
or a “bubble,” one can determine the quality and
quantity of the links within a presentation, be-
cause they are displayed as five variables, by the
position (x, y, and z), size, shape, and color of the
sphere. The 3-D aspect of presentation enhances
understanding of data flow. Web-search result
visualization with glyphs can be seen in linked
views: data about the keywords search terms, the
domain-name, URL, text snippets of the pages;
also, the size of the HTML file, number of links
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