Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
Electroencephalography (EEG): Is an
early functional technique that detects a
summary of the electrical activity of all
cortex dendrites located under electrodes
placed on a scalp; a recorder encephalo-
gram can be compared with a normal ac-
tivity of cortex.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG):
Directly measures the magnetic fields pro-
duced by electrical activity in the brain us-
ing extremely sensitive superconducting
quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).
Neural activity measured by MEG is less
distorted by surrounding tissue (particu-
larly the skull and scalp) compared to the
electric fields measured by EEG. Uses for
MEG include assisting surgeons in localiz-
ing pathology, researchers of the function
of the brain, neuro-feedback, and others.
kinesthetic. People use imagery when they think
about previous or upcoming events; for example,
to tell about the feel of a pasture in the spring, one
retrieves from memory images and other sensory
experiences. Visual reasoning helps to overcome
difficulties in comprehension of logical structures
and assist in intelligent learning. Harry S. Broudy
(1991, p. 33) stated that, “sensory images can often
convey meaning directly with a clarity that formal
analysis and reasoning cannot rival.” Depending
on one's right or left brain dominance, one may
be inclined to create visually appealing imaginary
art, or may prefer to construct a concept map or
a visualization of a scientific concept. This ap-
proach may help the artist to reprocess the data
in another way than it was presented, to look at
the world from a different vantage point, and to
look in a way that one is more comfortable with.
A Canadian psychologist Allan Paivio pro-
posed that the human mind can transform informa-
tion into two cognitive codes, to be transferred to
long-term memory, and then compared to some-
thing previously learned, stored, and organized
as a cognitive structure. The two cognitive codes
include (1) A visual or iconic code, a visuo-spatial
scratchpad for images and (2) An auditory or se-
mantic code with verbal language rules - semantic,
syntactic, and orthographic.
Semantics, usual described as a study of
meaning, includes several sub-divisions. Lexical
semantics concerns with language: the relation
of words, phrases, or signs and their denotations,
with the sets of symbols known as alphabets, sets
of formal rules known as grammar, and trans-
formation rules of inference. Formal semantics
concerns with logical systems and structures of
meaning in natural and formal languages, logical
forms, implications, and references. Conceptual
semantics examines formal systems of cognitive
mental structures of meaning, explanatory lan-
guage representations, and conceptual structures
of understanding (Jackendoff, 2007/2009).
SOME IDEAS ABOUT COGNITIVE
THINKING AND MEMORY
Human cognition and memory have separate but
interconnected verbal and imaginal systems. Im-
ages, as mental models for thinking, influence
language, concepts, and values, and support read-
ing comprehension. Images and mental imagery
are important in developing skills, concepts,
problem solving, explaining life, and may assist
in mentally combining forms and patterns in a
visual image and making discoveries. The physical
world that exists in our environment builds our
mental inner reality and causes the generation
and manipulation of images. Our survival in the
real world depends to a great extend on the ac-
curacy and completeness with which the mental
models used by our mind represent actuality. In
psychology and everyday conversation imagery
refers to mental images - cognitive processes
involving experiences in the mind that may be
auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, or
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