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The role, function, and terminology related
to creativity expanded onto the domains of tech-
nology and information technologies. This may
result from the changing approach to art and art
creation and current demand for art products as an
inherent part of science- and technology-related
solutions. These dynamic changes are going paral-
lel to the developments in computer technology,
with electronic computers being over 60 years old
(the first-generation computer UNIVAC 1 was
produced in 1951), personal computers existing
for more than 30 years (microcomputers becom-
ing popular in the late seventies), and the web
accessibility to the public for more than 20 years:
Tim Berners-Lee used the NeXT computer as the
first web server and wrote the first web browser
WorldWideWeb in 1990 (Berners-Lee & Cailliau,
1990). Because of all these events, the creativity
demands are shifting from a need for proficiency
in the traditional art forms to creating aesthetically
challenging interactive digital content, which is
essential for data mining and web visualization.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2011) who in his
own words, “devoted 30 years of research to
how creative people live and work” stated that
“creativity is a central source of meaning in our
lives. Most of the things that are interesting, im-
portant, and human are the result of creativity.”
Csikszentmihalyi (1998) describes the autotelic
activity as one we do for its own sake. Autotelic
personality - “an individual who generally does
things for their own sake rather than in order to
achieve some external goal (Csikszentmihalyi,
1998, p. 117). Next are the notes excerpted from
his article about the creative personality (Csik-
szentmihalyi, 2011).
Creative individuals are remarkable for their
ability to adapt to almost any situation and to
make do with whatever is at hand to reach their
goals.” Being creative provides “a profound sense
of being part of an entity greater than ourselves…
If I had to express in one word what makes their
personalities different from others, it's complex-
ity. They show tendencies of thought and action
that in most people are segregated. They contain
contradictory extremes…Creative people have
physical energy, but they're also often quiet…they
tend to be smart yet naive at the same time…they
combine playfulness and discipline, or responsi-
bility and irresponsibility…but this playfulness
goes together with a quality of endurance and
perseverance…most of them work late into the
night and persist when less driven individuals
would not…Creative people alternate between
imagination, fantasy, and a rooted sense of real-
ity…Creative people tend to be both extroverted
and introverted…humble and proud at the same
time…Creative people escape rigid gender role
stereotyping: creative and talented girls are more
dominant and tough than other girls, and creative
boys are more sensitive and less aggressive than
their male peers. Creative individuals are more
likely to have not only the strengths of their own
gender but those of the other one, too…Creative
people are both rebellious and conservative…
Most creative people are very passionate about
THE MEANING OF THE
CREATIVE PROCESS
Creativity is often seen as the ability to create or
design something useful or beautiful or novel: in
science, to create even the simplest but own solu-
tion or invention; in art, the work that represents
one's own flow of thought. As Robert Sternberg
(1998/2011, p. 145) stated, “People are creative by
virtue of a combination of intellectual, stylistic, and
personality attributes. Sternberg & Lubart (1999,
p. 3) wrote, it is “the ability to produce work that
is both novel (i.e., original, unexpected) and ap-
propriate (i.e., useful, adaptive concerning task
constraints).” “First, creative ideas must represent
something different, new, or innovative. Second,
creative ideas are of high quality. Third, creative
ideas must also be appropriate to the task at hand
or some redefinition of that task. Thus, a creative
response is novel, good, and relevant” (Kaufman
& Sternberg, 2010, p. xiii).
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