Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Arribas et al., 2010; Zheng and Pan, 2010; Karadimas and Loumos, 2008;
Lopez et al., 2008; Salhofer et al., 2007; Sharholy et al., 2007;Ghose et al.,
2006) and siting of landfills (Yesilnacar et al., 2012; Nazari et al., 2012;
Vasilijevic et al., 2012; Sumathi et al., 2008; Kontos et al., 2003; Leao et al.,
2001). The most notable application of GIS for waste collection is route
optimization to improve routing strategies and reduce vehicle emissions.
Jovicic et al. (2011) used ArcGIS network analyst functionality to
estimate the potential for reducing fuel consumption and thus the emission of
carbon dioxide (CO2) through the communal vehicles route optimization.
Results indicated an approximate annual savings of 1,700 miles for one
collection vehicle within the City of Kragujevac, Serbia. Further, the most
fuel-economical route was extracted and compared with the original route, and
with the routes extracted from criterions concerning the traffic time and
shortest distance. According to available information for the City of
Kragujevac and the results from this study, it was estimated that the total
savings could be 20% in costs and the associated emissions. Bhambulkar
(2010) also used ArcGIS network analyst to identify best routing for municipal
solid waste that cannot be collected by standard waste collection trucks, due to
size and other prohibitive obstacles in the municipality of Nagpur, India.
Optimal routing was cost effective and less time consuming when compared
with the existing route with a monthly savings of 14%.
Tavares et al. (2009) used GIS 3D route modeling software for waste
collection and transportation to optimize driving routes and minimize fuel
consumption in the city of Praia, Cape Verde. Their model accounted for road
inclination and vehicle weight. Using ArcGIS software, the most fuel
economical route was calculated, yielding cost savings of 8-12% for fuel
consumption even though the most economical route was 1.8% longer that the
shortest route. Karamidas et al. (2008) performed research using GIS to
optimize the number and position of the waste bins in the Municipality of
Athens, Greece. The number of waste bins decreased from 162 to 112 (30%
reduction). This reduction also presents great savings in energy usedduring
waste collection. Apaydin and Gonullu (2008) applied a shortest path model to
Trabzon City, Turkey in order to optimize solid waste collection and minimize
emissions. The optimized route decreased the route distance and route time by
24.6% and 44.3% for nine routes in 26 districts. Further, emissions of (CO2),
nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and
particulate matter (PM) decreased 831.4, 12.8, 1.2, 0.4, and 0.7 grams per
route.
