Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 19.1
Light-use efficiency (
ε
g
,gCMJ
−1
) and corresponding estimated gross primary production (GPP; g C m
−
2year
−1
)in
previously published research at regional to global scales. Numbers in parentheses are standard deviation.
Vegetation
Prince and Gower
Zhao
et al
.
Yang
et al
.
Turner
et al
.
(1995)
a
(2005)
b
(2007)
c
(2003)
d
Types
ε
g
GPP
ε
g
GPP
ε
g
ε
g
Evergreen broadleaf forest
0.71 (0.35)
1615 (475)
1.159
2699
-
-
Evergreen deciduous forest
0.66 (0.75)
1116 (552)
1.008
818
1.02 (0.40)
1.0 (0.5)
Broadleaf deciduous forest
0.41 (0.52)
736 (434)
1.044
1366
1.56 (0.36)
-
Mixed forest
0.64 (0.61)
1233 (532)
1.116
1125
1.31 (0.36)
1.8 (0.8)
Wooded grassland
0.43 (0.46)
865 (432)
0.768
1250
0.79 (0.59)
-
Grassland
0.40 (0.71)
377 (296)
0.068
396
0.86 (0.73)
1.7 (0.4)
Cropland
0.41 (0.53)
628 (314)
0.068
721
1.47 (0.53)
2.2 (0.7)
a
Global estimation based on AVHRR NDVI in 1987.
b
Global estimation based on MODIS NDVI during 2001-2003;
ε
g
came from Heinsch
et al
. (2003).
c
Estimation for the conterminous United States based on MODIS NDVI in 2004.
d
Estimation at four flux-tower-sized sites in the UnitedStates based on measured APAR for June-September only (two sites in 1997, one in 1999, and one in
2000).
FIGURE 19.2
The Census South Atlantic Division is made of eight states, plus the District of Columbia, in the eastern US.
Political boundaries came from the US Census Bureau. Proportions of the imperious surface came from Multi-Resolution
Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC). Base map is the World Physical Map obtained from ArcGIS Resource Centers.
HUDwas calculated as the total number of housing units within a
county subdivision divided by the area of that county subdivision.
A housing unit refers to ''a house, an apartment, a mobile home
or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as
separate living quarters'' (US Census Bureau, 2001b). The US
decennial Censuses reported the total number of housing units
at each summary scale ranging downward from the state level
to the county, county subdivision, tract, and block group level.
The scale of county subdivision was selected for this study
following the rationale that patterns of changes in HUD should
be captured at the scale of analysis, and that this scale should be
manageable in handling data and analysis for a large geographic
area. Previous research in theUSMidwest showed that, compared
with Census block groups, Census county subdivisions appeared
to have the same efficiency in characterizing urban growth and
its relationships to carbon changes (Zhao, 2007). The scale of
county subdivision is practical for handling analysis of Census
demographic changes across the South Atlantic division.
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