Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
TMV particles have been extensively studied for manifold potential
applications spanning the fields of medicine and materials. The potential and
advances of TMV in the field of nanotechnology will be discussed throughout
all the chapters of this topic.
.. M1: A Bacteriophage
The filamentous coliphage M13 is from the family
Inoviridae
. M13
particles are up to 1
m in length and about 5-6 nm in diameter. The
capsid encapsulates a circular single-stranded DNA molecule and is mainly
composed of 2700 copies of the major coat protein pVIII. Minor coat protein
subunits are found on the ends of the VNP: on one end five copies each of
pVII and pIX, and on the other end five copies each of pIII and pVI (Kehoe
& Kay, 2005). M13 particles and mutant particles can readily be produced
in
µ
E
.
Phage display technology.
.
coli
Besides its manifold applications in
materials, M13 has long been exploited as a platform for phage display
technologies. Phage display is a high-throughput screening technique that
is used to identify peptides that are specifically interacting with molecular
proteins or receptors (Arap
., 2006; Nanda & St.
Croix, 2004; Ruoslahti, 2002) or even synthetic materials (for a review see
Flynn
et al
., 2002; Hajitou
et al
., 2003). In brief, DNA sequences encoding for random peptide
sequences are ligated into the pIII or pVIII gene. The peptides are thus
displayed on the surface of the phages. The phage is then produced in
et al
E
.
coli
. The target (protein or inorganic material) is immobilized on a surface
and phages are applied. The unbound phages are rinsed off; those that are
bound to the target are then eluted and amplified in the expression system.
This cycle of binding, elution, and amplification is called biopanning and
repeated several times to select the phages with highest selectivity and
specificity. The amino acid sequence of the desired peptide is readily
obtained by sequencing of the encoding nucleic acid of the selected phage.
Phage display has revolutionized several technologies. The identification
of ligands specifically for vasculature and tumor-specific markers has
opened the door for the development of targeted therapies (Arap
et al
.,
2002; Hajitou
., 2006; Nanda & St. Croix, 2004; Ruoslahti, 2002). On
the materials side of applications, many peptides that bind selectively to
inorganic materials such as metals have been discovered. These peptides
allow to bridge biology with materials (for a review see Flynn
et al
., 2003)
and have led to the development of hybrid M13-based battery electrodes
(Lee
et al
., 2006, 2008). M13 particles have been extensively
studied and developed for application in materials and will be discussed in
great detail in Chapters 6 and 7.
et al
., 2009; Nam
et al
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