Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Appendix d
glossary
Adjuvant
Any substance that can boost or amplify the immune
response to an antigen.
Agroinfiltration
A method utilizing
to
transfer genes of interest into plant genomes for
transient expression.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Anisotropic/
Anisotropy
Anisotropy is derived from the Greek word anisos
and means “unequal.” In materials science, an
anisotropic object is directionally dependent.
Rod-shaped VNPs have anisotropic properties.
Icosahedrons, in contrast, are isotropic; they are
homogenous in all directions.
Antibiotics
A chemical compound that kills bacteria.
Antigen
A foreign substance that induces an immune
response.
Archaea
Archaea are prokaryotes, which show similarities
with bacteria as well as with Eukaryota.
Aspect ratio
The aspect ratio is defined as the length divided by
the width of anisotropic objects such as rod-shaped
VNPs.
Atomic force
microscopy
A high-resolution microscopy technique. It is a
physical technique that allows the visualization
and manipulation of objects on the nanometer-size
scale.
Attenuated virus
vaccines
Attenuated viruses are used as vaccines; it is a
genetically modified virus strain with reduced
virulence.
Bio-orthogonal
reactions
The word orthogonal comes from the Greek language
and means “straight angle.” In chemistry, orthogonal
reactions are defined as strategies that allow the
deprotection of functional groups independently
of each other. Orthogonal reactions are in general
highly selective and reactive.
Bioconjugation
The chemical linking of two or more molecules
together to form a novel hybrid material.
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