VNPs as Tools for Nanomedicine - Viral Nanoparticles: Tools for Materials Science and Biomedicine - page 227

Figure 8.9 Confocal microscopy. (a) HeLa cells only. (b-f ) Cells treated with Q

β

-PEG-

C60-A568 particles. Color key: blue, nuclei (DAPI); red, Q

β

-PEG-C60-A568; green, A488-

labeled wheat germ agglutinin. (d) -section image (1.2 µm deep) recorded along the

line shown in (c); step size 0.3 µm. (e, f ) Same cell as shown in (d), image reconstructions
using Imaris software. Reproduced with permission from Steinmetz, N. F., Hong, V.,
Spoerke, E. D., Lu, P., Breitenkamp, K., Finn, M. G., and Manchester, M. (2009) Buckyballs
meet viral nanoparticles: candidates for biomedicine,

Z

J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 131 (47),

17093-17095.

In a different approach, CCMV particles were dual-functionalized and
targeted cell killing via PDT was demonstrated (Suci ., 2007b). In

short, CCMV was covalently modified with ruthenium complexes, which
serve as the photosensitizers. The complexes were specifically targeted
to the pathogenic, biofilm-forming bacteria

et al

. This
was performed by attachment of specific antibodies (anti-protein A).
Biotinylated CCMV--ruthenium complexes and biotinylated antibodies were
interlinked making use of streptavidin (recall Section 4.3.8). Targeting of
the VNP sensors and specific binding to

Staphylococcus aureus

S. aureus was confirmed (Fig. 8.10)

(Suci ., 2007a,b). When such VNP-targeted bacteria were exposed to

light-emitting diodes (at a wavelength of 470 nm), cell killing was observed.
This technology may lead to novel routes for antimicrobial PDT (Suci

et al

et al .,

2007b).
Phages such as M13 and fd (also a filamentous bacteriophage) have been
developed for antimicrobial treatment of

Targeting was achieved
making use of specific antibodies. Cell killing was induced via delivery of the
antibiotic chloramphenicol (Yacoby

S. aureus.

et al ., 2006).