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Table 5.1
Effects of encapsulated nanoparticle diameter on the inner and outer
diameters of VLPs as measured by transmission electron microscopy
1
Nanoparticle
diameter (nm)
VLP outer
diameter (nm)
VLP inner
diameter (nm)
Au: 5.0 ± 0.5
30.0 ± 3.0
6.0 ± 0.5
Au: 10.0 ± 1.0
33.5 ± 3.0
10.0 ± 2.0
Au: 15.0 ± 1.5
34.0 ± 2.0
15.0 ± 2.0
CoFe
O
: 4.0 ± 1.2
33.1 ± 2.2
4.0 ± 0.5
2
4
CoFe
O
: 10.0 ± 3.0
34.2 ± 1.4
9.8 ± 1.1
2
4
CoFe
O
: 15.0 ± 4.5
34.0 ± 2.0
15.0 ± 2.0
2
4
QDs: 4.0 ± 1.0
31.6 ± 3.3
4.0 ± 1.5
1
Reproduced with permission from Loo, L., Guenther, R. H., Lommel, S. A., and Franzen,
S. (2007) Encapsidation of nanoparticles by red clover necrotic mosaic virus,
J. Am.
Chem. Soc.
,
129
(36), 11111-11117.
5.2.1.2 Encapsulaing surface-coated nanoparicle cores
The previous section described the assembly of coat proteins around artificial
cores exploiting natural assembly mechanisms and structures: self-assembly
is induced and triggered by presentation of an OAS on the nanoparticle
core. The next section focuses on a different mechanism: hybrid VLPs are
self-assembled around artificial cores based on electrostatic interactions.
Nanoparticles coated with negatively charged polymers are utilized. The
negative charge mimics the charge of the natural cargo, the nucleic acid, and
drives the self-assembly process. The initial approaches to encapsulate gold
nanoparticle cores into VLPs were carried out using BMV. Negatively charged
citrate-coated nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 nm were
exposed to BMV coat protein monomers. VLPs containing one or two gold
nanoparticle cores were obtained; however, only 2% of the assembled VLPs
contained the gold cores (Dragnea
., 2003).
In the following studies, various nanoparticle surface coatings were
explored to mimic RNA nucleation and promote efficient
et al
self-assembly
of VLPs encapsulating the nanoparticle core. Although the citrate coating
introduces a negative charge, yields of hybrid VLPs were poor (Dragnea
in vitro
.,
2003). Surface coatings such as carboxylate-terminated polyethylene glycol
(PEG) polymers, lipid micelles, DNA, and dihydrophilic acids were tested
(Chen
et al
et al
., 2006; Dixit
et al
., 2006; Huang
et al
., 2007; Sun
et al
., 2007). Highly
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