The Art of Bioconjugation: Functionalization of VNPs - Viral Nanoparticles: Tools for Materials Science and Biomedicine - page 107

list is continuously expanding. Table 4.1 should be considered a snapshot of
the various functionalities that have been conjugated to VNPs.

Table 4.1 Overview over the functionalities attached to VNPs

VNP Target residue

(E, exterior; I,
interior; GE,
genetically
engineered)

Functional
molecule(s)
attached

Coupling
reagent(s), type of
chemistry

(Potential)
Application(s)

Reference(s)

CCMV Lys (E)

Asp/Glu (E)
Cys (E; GE)

Fluorescent
dyes

NHS ester,
homobifunctional
linker, EDC/NHS,
maleimide

Proof-of-concept Gillitzer et al.

(2002)

CCMV Lys (E) Biotin and

digoxigenin

NHS ester Breaking the

symmetry
and mixed
assembly of
multifunctional
VNPs

Gillitzer et al.

(2006)

CCMV Cys (E; GE) Iodoacetamide Solid-state

approach

Breaking the
symmetry and
controlled
immobilization
of VNPs

Klem et al .

(2003)

CCMV Lys (E) Antibodies and

fluorescent
dyes or
chelated
gadolinium
complexes

NHS ester and
non-covalent
biotin-
streptavidin
linkage

Biomedical
targeting and
imaging

Suci

(2007a,b)

et al.

CCMV Lys (E)

Cys (E; GE)

Antibodies
and ruthenium
complexes

NHS ester and
non-covalent
biotin-
streptavidin
linkage,
maleimide

Targeted drug
delivery

Suci .

(2007a,b)

et al

CCMV Lys (E) Biotin NHS ester Fabrication

of multilayer
arrays

Suci et al .

(2006)

CPMV Lys (E)

Cys (E; GE)
Cys (I)

Fluorescent
dyes, biotin,
nanogold, and
small mercury
compounds

Maleimide,
haloacetyl
derivatives,
NHS ester,
isothiocyanate,
NHS-azide or
-alkyne followed
by click chemistry

Proof-of-concept Wang .

(2002a,b,c,
2003a),
Chatterji

et al

et

al . (2004a)

CPMV Tyr (E) Fluorescent

dye and
intraparticle
cross-linking

One-electron and
photochemical
oxidation

Proof-of-concept Meunier et

al . (2004)