Biomedical Engineering Reference
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Fig. 1. Derivation of chondrogenically-committed cells from feeder-free hESCs. (Reprinted with
permission from Hwang NS, Varghese S, Elisseeff J (2008) PLoS ONE 3(6): e2498).
F-actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D inhibits this dedifferentiation process
[265], while culturing chondrocytes within three-dimensional hydrogels
preserves their rounded morphology and chondrocytic phenotype [266].
Chondrocytes, which are anchorage-independent, remained highly viable in PEG
hydrogels even after 2 weeks in culture [44], even though Alsberg et al. [267]
demonstrated that incorporating RGD peptides into alginate gel was
advantageous to promote the differentiation of chondrocytes after subcutaneous
implantation in mice, which resulted in growing cartilage tissue.
The contextual presentation of RGD peptide motifs within the hydrogels may
have very important roles in cartilage tissue engineering with peptide-conjugated
hydrogels. Studies have shown that cell attachment and migration can be
regulated by spatial presentation of RGD peptides at the nanoscale level [251].
Minimum distance required for ligands extending out from scaffold surfaces was
also determined to be 3.0-3.5 nm [268]. Naturally, RGD peptide is presented to
the cell via a loop-like conformation within the fibronectin molecule [269, 270].
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