Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
9000
Untreated
Treated
8000
101%
7000
105%b
6000
110%a
5000
118%a
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Drought
stress
Higher
Higher
Moderate
Low
Sandy soils,
EA treated
Sandy soils,
CC-treated
Loamy soils
Loamy soils
Figure 5. Effect of ethanolamine (EA, as free base or as secondary phosphate) and choline (CC, as
chloride; 1.5 kg amine/ha), sprayed at shooting state, on the grain yield (kg/ha) of wheat (
T. aestivum
cv
. Alcedo, Arcos, or Miras). Values given in percent refer to the yield of the untreated controls (100
%), and deviate significantly from those at
p
< 0.05 (a) or < 0.1 (b). Field experiments conducted by
five Experimental Agrostations in Thuringia and Saxonia, Germany. Number of experiments on sandy
soils, 6; on loamy soils at moderate drought stress, 14; and on loamy soils at low drought stress, 18.
Table 4. Increases in the grain yield (kg/ha) of spring barley and winter rye by
ethanolamine or choline chloride application under the conditions of drought stress in
field trials
Number of trials with yield increases of
Crop
plant
Severity of
drought stress
Total no.
of trials
Yield of
control
<100
>100-250
>250
>250-350
>350
11
a
Barley
Moderate to high
40
6
10
§
13
4200
Low
55
26
20
§
6
3
6300
27
b
Rye
High
47
9
11
§
§
3400
Moderate to low
30
13
13
4
§
§
4400
§ No data available for this size class.
Mean yield increases in the respective size classes amounted 472 (
a
) and 440 kg/ha (
b
).
Ethanolamine was applied at the outset of shooting as free base (1.5 kg/ha) or as phosphate. Adapted
from Bergmann et al. (1999).
The detrimental influence of soil compaction on the grain yield of wheat (e.g., Miransari
et al. 2008; Whalley et al. 2008) is demonstrated by Figure 6. Relative yield increases up to
32 % in field trials by EA application denote soil density to be a first-order stress factor. Its
economic significance may increase upon the use of heavy agricultural machinery and no-
tilling technologies.
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