Agriculture Reference
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practices result to be no longer sustainable for the chain production. In this perspective, the
expansion of durum wheat cultivation towards cooler areas—as observed, for example, in
Italy in recent years—could be more hampered by the uncertainty about DON contamination
than productivity or technological quality difficulties (e.g., protein content, flour indexes) that
this cultivation could encounter in new environments.
In the future, should stricter limits be established for the most widespread mycotoxins—
e.g., DON—wheat cultivation will have to abandon some cultivation areas unless more
effective solutions to contrast the toxigenic fungi are found. To this end, it would be
necessary to have i) more resistant wheat varieties with the same productivity and quality
characteristics, ii) more effective and innovative fungicides, and iii) competitor
microorganisms against the toxigenic ones, or those that can destroy the toxic molecules.
Nevertheless, at the moment none of these solutions appear to be solely able to solve the
problem, if the capability of the fungal species to develop resistances or adaptive strategies is
also taken into account.
Thus, we come back to the initial affirmation: FHB development and DON synthesis
depend on many factors and, consequently, the elimination of the contamination is not a
realistic objective. Only an integrated strategy is realistic and will be able to answer the need
for reducing the presence of this contaminant as much as possible.
R
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