Agriculture Reference
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showed a threefold relative risk of DON contamination, while four combined risk factors
showed a fifty-six fold relative risk of DON contamination.
The data available at the moment concerning the comparison of different cropping
systems underline that crop management strategies used to minimize DON contamination risk
in wheat grains must first consider the effects of the preceding crop and cultivar. Soil tillage
and fungicide application at anthesis could lead to a significant reduction in DON
contamination in years and environments with higher FHB disease pressure. For this reason,
these preventive measures should be taken into consideration in all the wheat growing areas
most prone to FHB infection and DON contamination.
In the next few years the effects of all crop techniques on all mycotoxins must be
combined to provide guidelines on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), in order to minimise
mycotoxin contamination of cereal products.
Table 4. Effect of combined agricultural practices on grain yield, FHB incidence
and severity and DON contamination
FHB
incidence (%)
Y
FHB
Yield
DON
(µg kg
-1
)
Soil tillage
V
Cultivar
W
Fungicide treatment
X
Year
Treatment
severity (%)
Z
(t ha
-1
)
2006
HR
high risk
Direct sowing
HS
untreated
39.3 a
10.2 a
6.7 c
1594 a
R
risk
Direct sowing
HS
prochloraz at heading
18.9 c
4.9 b
7.0 bc
598 b
MR
medium risk
Ploughing
HS
untreated
26.8 b
4.8 b
6.8 c
161 c
RI
right
Ploughing
MR
untreated
14.3 c
1.4 c
7.3 ab
44 c
CA
careful
Ploughing
MR
prochloraz at heading
6.1 d
0.2 d
7.5 a
13 c
2007
HR
high risk
Direct sowing
HS
untreated
68.3 a
12.3 a
4.7 c
531 a
R
risk
Direct sowing
HS
prochloraz at heading
47.8 b
7.5 b
5.4 b
221 b
MR
medium risk
Ploughing
HS
untreated
65.9 a
8.1 b
5.8 b
156 b
RI
right
Ploughing
MR
untreated
49.2 b
4.3 c
6.5 a
38 c
CA
careful
Ploughing
MR
prochloraz at heading
34.5 c
2.0 d
6.6 a
13 c
V: The previous crop was maize in each year and site.
W: HS: highly susceptible; MR: moderately resistant.
X: triazole fungicide, A.I. prochloraz (Sportak 45 EW®, BASF) was applied once at 0.59 kg (A.I.) at
heading.
Y: FHB incidence was calculated as the percentage of ears with symptoms of disease at the soft dough
stages (GS 85).
Z: FHB severity was calculated as the percentage of kernels per ear with symptoms of disease at the
soft dough stages (GS 85).
Values, in the same column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different, according to the
Student-Newman-Keuls test. The data reported in the table are the means of 4 sites in northern and
central Italy.
5.
P
REDICTIVE
M
ODELS OF
F
USARIUM
H
EAD
B
LIGHT AND
D
EOXYNIVALENOL
C
ONTAMINATION IN
W
HEAT
A model is a simplified representation of a system that is a limited part of the reality
which contains interrelated elements. The behaviour of the system and the relations between
the elements are simulated by mathematical and statistical equations and/or logical operations
(France and Thornley, 1984; de Wit, 1993; Jones and Luyten, 1998). The great development
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