Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 6.
An overview of the survival and death pathways and their modula-
tion by hepatitis viruses.
EGFR promoter, up-regulating its expression and creating a positive
feedback loop that promotes cell growth and survival.
101
The trun-
cated middle surface antigen of HBV (mHBs) also activates this path-
way, but in a PKC-dependent manner. The HBx protein has also been
shown to stabilize the Ras-GTP complex, again promoting down-
stream signaling through Raf and MAPKs.
102
The HCV core protein binds to a Raf inhibitory protein 14-3-3
to relieve its repression of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.
103
Cell lines
expressing the HCV core protein also show higher activities of Raf,
MEK and Elk1, and a higher degree of phosphorylation and activation
of ERK.
104
The HCV NS5A protein has conserved PXXP motifs that
