Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
SELF
ACTUALI-
ZATION
Self-fulfilment
needs
(for development
and creativity). These
needs are met through
autonomy and achievement.
EGO NEEDS
(for self-esteem, power,
recognition and prestige).
These needs are met through achievement,
recognition, promotions and bonuses.
Psychological
needs
SOCIAL NEEDS
(for being loved, belonging and inclusion)
SECURITY NEEDS
(for safety, shelter and stability)
Basic
needs
PHYSICAL NEEDS
(for air, water, food, exercise, rest,
freedom from diseases and disabilities)
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Figure 13.1 The American psychologist Abraham Maslow outlined a hierarchy of i ve levels of basic needs. Maslow believed that fuli lling these needs
helped sustain human behaviour (amended from Maslow 1943 ).
the evidence based on good-quality science that is
useful to the decision-making process. To under-
stand what is relevant to policy, scientists must talk
to policymakers. To understand the strength of the
evidence and the uncertainties of the scientii c proc-
ess, policymakers must talk to scientists. And both
must talk to the general public.
measurable, and it will continue as more CO 2 is
emitted (see Chapter 3). Already ocean acidity has
increased by 30%, and by 2100, if we continue emit-
ting CO 2 at the same rate, ocean acidity will have
increased by 150% during this century (Orr et al.
2005 ; Chapter 1 ). Such a substantial alteration in
basic ocean chemistry is likely to have wide impli-
cations for life in the ocean, especially for those food
webs and ecosystems vulnerable to future levels of
ocean acidii cation (detailed in Chapters 5-10).
Tropical coral reef ecosystems, for example, may be
irreparably damaged (Cao and Caldeira 2008;
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2008 ; Chapter 7 ). These three-
dimensional structures provide the habitat within
13.2 Why society should be concerned
about ocean acidii cation
Ocean acidii cation is caused by uptake of anthro-
pogenic CO 2 by the ocean (see Chapter 1); it is a glo-
bal phenomenon and is happening now, it is
 
 
Search WWH ::




Custom Search