Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Species
CO
2
(g) (ppmv);
CO
2
(μatm); pH; Ω; [CO
3
p
Other
variables/
comments
Duration
Observed effect(s)
Ref.
2-
]
(μmol kg
-1
)
Heliocidaris erythrogramma
p CO
2
: 324-335; 801-851;
1033-1104; 1695-1828
Temperature
15 min
Percentage fertilization was not signii cantly affected by CO
2
or temperature
treatments ranging from 18 to 26°C.
[9]
pH
NBS
: 8.25; 7.9; 7.8; 7.6 Ω
a
:
3.20-3.99; 1.64-2.10;
1.33-1.72; 0.87-1.13
Heliocidaris erythrogramma
p CO
2
: 367-373; 1105-1142;
1823-1892
Temperature
2 h
Elevated CO
2
and lower pH had no effect on fertilization. Similarly, elevated
T did not affect fertilization.
[10]
pH
NBS
: 8.17; 7.8; 7.6 Ω
a
:
3.5-3.9; 2.4-2.7; 1.6-1.8
Heliocidaris erythrogramma
p H
U
: 8.1; 7.7
3-24 h
Sperm swimming speed and motility were reduced by 11.7% and 16.3%,
respectively, in low-pH conditions. Based on these data, model simulations
predicted a decrease in fertilization success by 24.9% which was close
to an observed decrease of 20.4%.
[29]
Heliocidaris tuberculata
p CO
2
: 324-335; 801-851;
1033-1104; 1695-1828
Temperature
15 min
Percentage fertilization was not signii cantly affected by CO
2
or temperature
treatments ranging from 18 to 26°C.
[9]
pH
U
: 8.25; 7.9; 7.8; 7.6
Ω
a
: 3.20-3.99; 1.64-2.10;
1.33-1.72; 0.87-1.13
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus
p H
U
: 7.936-7.945;
7.897-7.899
6 months
In the initial stages of the experiment, growth rates were not signii cantly
different between different pH treatments, but diverged in weeks 12 to 16.
Mortality rates were variable in different experimental runs ranging from
increased mortality under low pH to no signii cant difference between
treatment and control conditions.
[72]
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus
C O
2
: ambient; 500; 1000;
2000; 5000; 10 000
[38]
3 months
Overall, fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval
size decreased in the highest-CO
2
treatments. However, no signii cant effect
was observed in the percentage fertilized eggs in the pH
U
range 7.0 to 8.11.
At pH
U
< 7.0 a signii cant reduction was observed. Pluteus larvae size was
signii cantly different in all pH treatments compared with the control.
pH
U
: 8.11; 7.80; 7.71; 7.33;
7.12; 6.79
Holothuria spp.
p CO
2
: 400-475; 775-1005;
930-1260; 905-1660;
2115-3585; 12600-21100
N/A
Sperm l agellar motility decreased signii cantly in response to decreasing
pH. 73% of sperm were motile at pH
T
8.0, 72% at pH
T
7.8, and fewer than
30% at pH
T
< 7.7.
[55]
pH
T
: 8.03; 7.77; 7.69; 7.64;
7.31; 6.55
Ω
a
: 3.2-3.5; 1.9-2.3; 1.6-2.0;
1.2-2.0; 0.6-1.0; 0.1-0.2
