Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Species
CO
2
(g) (ppmv);
CO
2
(μatm); pH; Ω; [CO
3
2-
]
(μmol kg
-1
)
p
Other
variables/
comments
Duration
Observed effect(s)
Ref.
Mercenaria mercenaria
p H
U
: 7.9; 7.3; 7.0
25 days
Per cent mortality of bivalves of varying sizes (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mm) ranged from
14, 9.6, and 2.8% day
-
1
at Ω
a
=0.4 compared to 3.9, 0.0, and 0.27% at
Ω
a
=1.6, respectively.
[26]
Ω
a
: 1.6; 0.6; 0.4
Calcii cation rate increased linearly (wt% day
-
1
) as a function of
increasing Ω
a
.
Mya arenaria
C O
2
: 409; 606; 903; 2856
60 days
[64]
Ω
a
: 2.5; 2.0; 1.5; 0.7
Mytilus edulis
p H
U
: 8.1; 7.6; 7.4; 7.1; 6.7
44 days
Shell growth was not signii cantly affected between pH
U
7.4 and 8.1 but
was signii cantly reduced at pH
U
7.1 and 6.7. No net growth occurred at
pH
U
6.7. From day 23 mortality was observed in this treatment.
[6]
Mytilus edulis
p CO
2
: 421-2351
2 h
Signii cant decreased calcii cation as a function of increasing CO
2
and
decreasing pH.
[22]
pH
NBS
: 8.13-7.46 Ω
a
: 3.4-1.0
Mytilus edulis
C O
2
: 409; 606; 903; 2856
60 days
No signii cant effect.
[64]
Ω
a
: 2.5; 2.0; 1.5; 0.7
Mytilus edulis
p CO
2
: 385-2309 (i eld);
464-4254 (lab)
2 months
Mussels thrived in natural conditions with p CO
2
exceeding pre-industrial p CO
2
by a factor of 3 to 5. Experimental results showed that growth rates were
not signii cantly different in mussels exposed to p CO
2
of 385 and 1400 μatm,
but signii cantly decreased under p CO
2
of 4000 μatm. Although all mussels
gained weight in all treatments, external shell dissolution increased with
increasing p CO
2
.
[74]
pH
NBS
: 7.49-8.23 (i eld);
7.08-8.13 (lab)
Ω
a
: 0.35-0.96 (i eld); 0.12-1.01
(lab)
Mytilus edulis
p CO
2
: 665.7; 1160.7; 1435.2;
3316.2
32 days
Over time, exposure to elevated CO
2
disrupted the ability to express an immune
response by suppressing levels of phagocytosis. The predominant mechanism
of internal defence in bivalves involves phagocytosis by circulating
haemocytes followed by a range of physiological processes. In controls,
phagocytosis increased >800% in 32 days compared with <200% in the
lowest pH treatment.
[7]
pH
NBS
: 7.83; 7.65; 7.49; 6.70
Mytilus galloprovincialis
C O
2
: 380; 2000
6 days
Embryogenesis was unaffected, but delayed development, morphological
abnormalities, shell malformation, and reduced larval height (26 ± 1.9%)
and length (20 ± 1.1%) were observed in the high-CO
2
treatment.
[40]
pH
NBS
: 8.13; 7.42
Ω
a
: 2.23; 0.49
Mytilus galloprovincialis
p H
U
: 8.05; 7.3
3 months
Exposure to low pH caused slower growth, lower metabolic rate, and a
permanent reduction in haemolymph pH. An observed increase in
haemolymph HCO
3
-
was attributed to be a result of shell dissolution
to some extent counterbalancing the effect of low pH.
[53]
Nucula annulata
p H
U
: 8.1; 7.5
Ω
a
: 0.95; 0.29
70 days
No statistical differences in bivalve density as a function of time in the two
treatments.
[24]