Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
table 1.
(Continued)
Source
Concentration
µ
g/mL
TNF units
(-) interferon-
g
TNF units
(+)
interferon-
g
(100 units)
Mixture
compounds B & C
100
50
10
5
1
4.0 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 0.3
0.4 ± 0.5
0.2 ± 0.6
< 0.2
6.0 ± 0.8
2.0 ± 0.4
7.0 ± 0.5
4.0 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 0.5
LPS
, from
E. coli
positive control
0.1
0.01
0.001
850 ± 20
140 ± 20
8 ± 2
3,100 ± 28
1,000 ± 21
100 ± 20
E.coli autovaccine
0.01
0.001
0.0001
≤ 0.4
< 0.2
< 0.2
≤ 3.0
< 3.0
< 2.0
Antibody and on cellular levels in humans
(Figure 2)
because of their chemical
entities and unique supramolecular assemblies on the µm and nm scale. The different
lipid A-diphosphates molecules which are associated with endotoxicity and pyroge-
nicity and the corresponding nontoxic lipid A-phosphate molecules, to which the lipid
A-monophosphate belongs, were investigated as models for potential “
E. coli
auto-vaccines
” (Zimmermann et al., 2003). The activity of the auto-vaccines modu-
lates the innate immunity (Wehkamp et al., 2007), environmental changes in bacte-
ria populations, changes in nutrition and chronic inflammation (Zimmermann et al.,
2003).
Note
: The fecal microbial composition of an irritable bowel syndrome patient
differs significantly from that of a healthy subject.
Figure 3.
(A) SAXS profiles I(Q) versus Q, with Q = (4
p
/
l
)
×
sin
q
/2), of BCC (
Im3m)
type colloidal crystals
(
l
= 1.54 nm) with a = 37.6 nm. The black dotted scattering profile is for the lipid A-diphosphat
e
phase at
f
= 3.5 x 10
-4
, I = 0.5 mM NaCl, the solid-redline is the profile for an equimolar mixture of
the antagonistic molecule depicted in (B) of
Figure 1
for lipid A-diphosphate with
a
= 35.5 nm, (B)
SAXS profiles of colloidal crystals of the FCC type (
Fd3m
), the black-dotted line corresponds to lipid
A-diphosphate with
a
= 57.5 nm. The red-solid line is for the colloidal mixture of lipid A-diphosphate
and antagonistic lipid A-diphosphate (Figure 1(B)) both are at
f
= 5.4 x 10
-4
, I = 0.5 mM NaCl.
The green solid SAXS profile represents the results from a mixture of lipid A-diphosphate with the
corresponding monosaccharide of lipid A-diphosphate
(inset) with two fatty-acid chains but at
f
=
3.4 x 10
-4
, I = 0.5 mM NaCl.
Insets
: Crystal morphologies and corresponding TEM images.
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