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16
HETEROGENEOUS
NANOSTRUCTURES FOR
BIOMEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Bio-Inspired Multiscale Structures with
NEMS and MEMS Components
Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai,
and Tzung K. Hsiai
NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) and MEMS (microelectromechanical
systems) have enthused both biological and physical scientists as well as engineers
and physicians to engage in cross-disciplinary research. Interfacing nano- and
microscale entities has ushered in a paradigm shift for life science applications.
This chapter introduces several heterogeneous NEMS and MEMS devices dove-
tailed for biomedical diagnostics. The chapter will start with the biologically
inspired nano- and microfluidic components that have impacted the design and
invention of micro total analysis systems (
m
-TAS) applications. Next, nano- and
microbiosensors will be introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of translating
bench lab research to in vivo testing with a potential to close the lab-to-patient gap.
The chapter will conclude with the emerging bio fuel cells that have unfolded the
integration of energy source and functional components for the fully implantable
nano-, micro-biosystems. The authors hope that this chapter will take readers
through a bioinspired journey in the micro- and nanodomain.
16.1. INTRODUCTION
Bioinspired nanoengineering and sciences involve a dynamic range of length and
time scales. While classical Newtonian mechanics intimately governs the design
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