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“1”
“0”
(a)
(b)
2 nm
A
Maj(A,B,C)
B
(c)
(d)
Figure
12.2.
Schematic representation of the general working principle of cellular
automata: (a) Coulomb repulsion keeps the electron density (dark) at antipodal sites
resulting in the degenerated ''1'' and ''0'' state. (b) A wire of cellular automata can be
formed by a one-dimensional arrangement of cells. The intercellular Coulomb
interaction lifts the degeneracy of the 0/1 and forces all encoding units into the
same state. (c) Working principle of a majority logic gate consisting of three inputs
(A, B, C) which converge on an output (Maj(A;B;C;)) [6]. (d) X-ray structure of a
molecule comprised of four metal ions in a array-like configuration, which might be
suited for the formation of molecule-based cellular automata by controlled forma-
tion of supramolecular 2D arrangements [10].
the underlying substrate may be very helpful to make the molecular cells commu-
nicate in the right degree. Remarkably, once the molecules are correctly charged
and the intermolecular communication established, such a computing scheme does
not involve any current flow.
12.1.4. Molecular Qubits
More recently, the use of molecules as quantum bits in quantum computing
algorithms was proposed [7]. Quantum computers could potentially speed up
certain kinds of mathematical operations by using elementary units based on
quantum bits, so called qubits, instead classical binary bits. Owing to its quantum
nature, a single qubit can exist in states spanning any combination of two basic
wave functions |0
W
W
. Consequently, an operation on qubit causes
simultaneous operations on each of the combination's components. Thus, a single
operation on a multi-qubit system can affect a huge amount of information; this is
called quantum parallelism. In view of molecules, the use of either electronic states
or nuclear spin states in quantum computing systems was proposed [11], whereby
the primary challenge for scientists in the field lies in the maintenance of the
and |1
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