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B ROADCASTING F EATURE . Broadcasting at a node happens when that node
sends a single message to multiple receivers. Realizing broadcasting in a spin-wave
crossbar is slightly different from realizing concurrent receive. In this case, a fixed
frequency is assigned to each row (each sender), and the receivers tune their
receiving frequency to that fixed frequency. As explained earlier, one of the most
important advantages of a spin-wave crossbar is that one input can broadcast to
multiple outputs simultaneously. For instance, node 3 can broadcast a message to
output 2, 4, 5, and 6 at the same time, as shown in Figure 8.7. The only constraint
is that the receivers should be tuned on the sender's frequency.
Note that different senders can broadcast to different sets of inputs on
different frequencies. However, the sets must be disjoint since the receivers in
different sets need to be tuned on different frequencies respectively.
F AULT -T OLERANT R OUTING . Fault tolerance is one of the most important
requirements for nanoscale devices and architecture because these devices suffer
from dramatically increased permanent and transient failure rates. These failures are
mainly due to the quantum nature (and hence probabilistic behavior) of the devices
as well as the fundamental limitations of the fabrication processes [10]. The
achievable degree of fault-tolerance to the defects present in the nanoscale devices
will be the main concern in the adoption of new approaches in nanotechnology.
One well known approach for developing reliable architectures to address both
types of manufacturing and transient defects in nanoscale devices is to incorporate
spatial and/or temporal redundancy [11]. In recent years, different tools have been
developed to evaluate certain design trade offs in the nanoscale architectures. The
Figure 8.7. Broadcasting feature.
 
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