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Global Synthesis of Sea-Surface
Temperature Trends During Marine
Isotope Stage 11
Yvonne Milker, Rima Rachmayani, Manuel F.G. Weinkauf,
Matthias Prange, Markus Raitzsch, Michael Schulz
and Michal Ku
era
č
Abstract To examine the sea-surface temperature (SST) evolution during inter-
glacial Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, we compiled a database of 78 SST records
from 57 sites. We aligned these records by oxygen-isotope stratigraphy and sub-
jected them to an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The principal
SST trend (EOF1) re
ects a rapid deglacial warming of the surface ocean in pace
with carbon dioxide rise during Termination V, followed by a broad SST optimum
centered at
410 thousand years (ka) before present (BP). The second EOF
indicates the existence of a regional SST trend, characterized by a delayed onset of
the SST optimum, followed by a prolonged period of warmer temperatures. The
proxy-based SST patterns were compared to CCSM3 climate model runs for three
time slices representing different orbital con
*
gurations during MIS 11. Although
the modeled SST anomalies are characterized by generally lower variance, corre-
lation between modeled and reconstructed SST anomalies suggests a detectable
signature of astronomical forcing in MIS 11 climate trends.
Keywords MIS 11
Interglacial
Quaternary
Sea-surface temperature
Data-model comparison
Empirical orthogonal function
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