Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
100
80
60
40
20
10
8
6
4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Mineral volume fraction, V
F
Human
Whale
Femoral head
Fin otic
Beaked rostrum
Osteomalacic IC
Incus
Mandible
Figure 3.3
Elastic modulus (
E
) versus mineral volume fraction (
V
F
)
of PMMA-embedded bone samples: human femoral head (''nor-
mal''); human osteomalacic iliac crest (OM); human incus; human
mandible (''jaw''); fin whale otic bone; and dense beaked whale ros-
trum. The solid lines are Voigt-Reuss bounds and dashed lines are the
Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. From Oyen
et al
. [50] with permission.)
as well as into specifically organized structures such as lamellae, mineral volume
fraction, and porosity. In addition to the topics discussed, factors such as the
prevalence and directionality of microcracks, fatigue damage, and bony features
such as cement lines may influence the anisotropy of bone material.
3.7
Bone as a Composite: Implications
There is significant interest in bone as a composite, and the mechanical properties
of bone have been much studied for the potential that biomimicked bonelike
materials have in both medical and engineering applications [2]. For exploita-
tion of a bottom-up materials synthesis based on biomimicry, it is necessary
to understand natural bone,
in terms of the means by which its structure
