Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Notes
1. This is similar to Hajer's (1996) approach (“cultural politics”) to environmental politics, in
that both problematize constructs and classifications as products of cultural and political
processes. In both, culture is conceptualized to encompass not only enduring norms and
values, but also changeable constructs, classifications, categories, and framing of an issue.
Whereas Hajer addresses an entire discourse surrounding environmentalism, this chapter
focuses more narrowly on the category of GM food.
2. “Alerte au Soja Fou,”
Libération,
November 1, 1996.
3. For a detailed account of the “flip-flopping” of the French official position on Bt176, see
Marris (2000).
4. For a further elaboration of Bové's fight against “bad food,” see Bové and Dufour (2000).
5. Among most informative accounts of the early development of politics of biotechnology
are those written by Keisuke Amagasa, a leading opposition activist and writer who started
both the DNA Study Group and the No! GMO Campaign.
6. For “equivalent” GM crops, information on the inserted genes, added characteristics, and
the original plants is required, rather than information on modified plants themselves.
7. Ryutaro Hashimoto, “Response to Councilor Kiyohiro Araki's Questions Regarding
Labeling of Genetically Modified Food,” House of Councilors, June 6, 1997.
8. Main ingredients are defined as the top three ingredients by weight and those exceeding
five percent of the total weight.
9. The Environment Ministry had been upgraded from an agency in the January 2001 reor-
ganization of the government.
10. Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Coordinated Framework for Regulation of
Biotechnology,” Federal Register 51: 23302. June 26, 1986.
11. Food and Drug Administration, “Statement of Policy: Foods Derived From New Plant
Varieties,”
Federal Register
57: 22984. May 29, 1992.
12. Food and Drug Administration, “Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating
Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Draft Guidance,”
13. Environmental Protection Agency, “Plant-Incorporated Protectants; Final Rules and
Proposed Rule,”
Federal Register
66: 37772. July 19, 2001.
14. In June 2013, Connecticut became the first state to pass a GMO labeling law, and this was
quickly followed by Maine, although neither law would take effect unless several other
states adopt similar legislation. As of July 2013, about two dozen states have GMO labeling
bills pending or upcoming ballot initiatives.
References
Amagasa, K. 2000.
Idenshi Kumikae Ine-hen
. Tokyo: Gendai Shokan.
——. 2001. “StarLink Jiken wo Ou: Shokuhin ni Hairikonda Kikenna Mishonin Kumikae
Tomorokoshi,” In
Idenshi Kumikae Ine no Shurai
, edited by the No! GMO Campaign.
Tokyo: Ryokufu Shuppan.
——, ed. 2003.
Idenshi Kumikae Shokuhin no Hyoji to Kisei
. Tokyo: Commons.
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