Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
22. The European Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions (Directive
98/44/EC of 6 July, 1998 in Article 9) states that the protection conferred by a patent on
a product containing or consisting of genetic information shall extend to all material in
which “the genetic information is contained and performs its function.” See http://europa.
eu/rapid/press-release_CJE-10-73_en.htm?locale=en and http://www.ippt.eu/iles/2010/
IPPT20100706_ECJ_Monsanto_v_Cefetra.pdf for details of the ruling. See Hansson
(2011) for an analysis of this ruling.
23. See Howard (2009) for details.
24. See Parday et al. (2013) and Janis and Smith (2007).
25. See Adenle et  al. (2012), Kloppenburg, (2013) Oldham, Hall, and Forero (2013), Deibel
(2012), and Srinivas (2006) for details.
26. See Tuberosa, Graner, and Frison (2014) [Vol. 1 and Vol. 2]; Newell-McGloughlin, this volume.
27. See Yadav et al. (2014) for examples of patents on various plant genetic transformation
technologies, selectable markers, and innovations in plant biotechnology.
28. See Blakeney (2013) for an analysis.
29. See Srinivas (2013) for an analysis of the use of these options and various “push” and “pull”
mechanisms for creating incentives to innovate and share.
30. See entries in this volume by Watson, Herring, McHughen, and Newell-McGloughin in
particular.
According to Raustila and Victor (2004)
“Rather than a single, discrete regime governing PGR, the relevant rules are found in at
least five clusters of international legal agreements—what we call elemental regimes —as
well as in national rules within key states, especially the United States and the European
Union (EU.) These elemental regimes overlap in scope, subject, and time; events in one
affect those in others. We term the collective of these elements a regime complex : an array of
partially overlapping and nonhierarchical institutions governing a particular issue-area.”
Brand et.al. (2008) provide an excellent overview of the responses of the states to devel-
opments on plant genetic resources at various international fora. See also the recent litera-
ture on the analysis of regime complex in plant genetic resources, e.g., Morin and Orsini
(2014) and literature on global environmental regimes e.g., Orsini, Morin, and Young
(2013) to understand how scholars analyze the regime complexity
References
Adenle, A.  A., S. K.  Sowe, G. Parayil, and O. Aginam. 2012. “Analysis of Open Source
Biotechnology in Developing Countries.” Technology in Society 34:256-269.
Agarwala, S., C. Bordier, V. Schreitter, et al. 2012. Adaptation and Innovation: An Analysis of
Crop Biotechnology Patent Data . Paris:  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development.
Aoki, K. 2008. Seed Wars: Controversies and Cases in Plant Genetic Resources and Intellectual
Property . Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Barham, E., and B. Sylvander, eds. 2012. Labels of Origin for Food . Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Baumgartner, H. 2011. Patents, Power and Rhetoric:  Intellectual Property Rights and Politics
of Regime Complexity . Lucerne, Switzerland:  Institute of Political Science, University of
Lucerne.
Bièvre, D. B., and L. Thomann. 2010. Forum Shopping in the Global Intellectual Property Rights
Regime . Mannheim: MannheimerZentrumfürEuropäischeSozialforschung.
 
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