Food Price and Trade Policy Biases - The Oxford Topic of Food, Politics, and Society - page 369

Export tax
Import tax
Import subsidy
Export subsidy

50

40

30

20

10

0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Figure 14.7 Contributions of different instruments to the border component of the welfare
reduction indexa for developing countries, 1960 to 2004
a The welfare reduction index is the percentage trade tax equivalent which, if applied uniformly to all goods, would
generate the same welfare cost as the actual intra-sectoral structure of trade distortions.
Source: Derived from estimates reported in Croser and Anderson (2011), based on data in Anderson and Croser
(2009).

1980-84 2000-04

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0

ANZ NA ECA EU EFTA Ja/Ko ANZ NA ECA EU EFTA Ja/Ko

Border measures
Production tax
Production subsidy
Input subsidy
Decoupled payments
Non-product speci…c (NPS) support
NPS to inputs

Border measures
Production tax
Production subsidy
Input subsidy
Decoupled payments
Non-product speci…c (NPS) support
NPS to inputs

Figure 14.8 Contributions of different instruments to the producer component of the wel-
fare reduction indexa for various high-income and transition countries, 1980-84 and 2000-04
a The welfare reduction index is the percentage trade tax equivalent which, if applied uniformly to all goods, would
generate the same welfare cost as the actual intra-sectoral structure of trade distortions.
Source: Croser and Anderson (2011), based on data in Anderson and Croser (2009).