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Fig. 10 Immunofluorescence patterns of sera assessed positive by AKLIDES system. Immuno-
fluorescence image data were evaluated according to the following hierarchy: (i) positivity,
(ii) localization of staining (nuclear, cytoplasmic, chromatin of mitotic cells), and (iii) determination
of nuclear patterns: homogeneous, speckled, nucleolar, centromere, multiple nuclear dots, as
described elsewhere [ 29 ]. a Nucleolar pattern, b cytoplasmic pattern, c centromere pattern,
d homogeneous pattern
AKLIDES has the potential to become the new standard in automated autoan-
tibody detection.
4.2 Semiquantitative Autoimmune Diagnostics of Antinuclear
Antibodies
Pre-screening of patient sera for antinuclear antibodies using cell-based systems is
only the first step in the diagnostic workflow, and positive results need an inde-
pendent confirmation. Usually, autoimmune diagnostic multiplex test formats like
strip tests or multi-well ELISA are widely used for this purpose although they
possess specific disadvantages with respect to manufacturing costs or test pro-
cessing [ 2 , 8 , 9 ]. Alternatively, planar biochips were found to barely fulfill diag-
nostic quality, since their manufacturing requires nanoliter liquid handling of
protein solutions, a highly sophisticated, expensive, and unstable process that
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