Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications
Friederike J. Gruhl, Bastian E. Rapp and Kerstin Länge
Abstract Biosensors combine a transducer with a biorecognition element and thus
are able to transform a biochemical event on the transducer surface directly into a
measurable signval. By this they have the potential to provide rapid, real-time, and
accurate results in a comparatively easy way, which makes them promising
analytical devices. Since the first biosensor was introduced in 1962 as an ''enzyme
electrode'' for monitoring glucose in blood, medical applications have been
the main driving force for further biosensor development. In this chapter we outline
potential biosensor setups, focusing on transduction principles, biorecognition
layers, and biosensor test formats, with regard to potential applications. A summary
of relevant aspects concerning biosensor integration in efficient analytical setups
is included. We describe the latest applications of biosensors in diagnostic
applications focusing on detection of molecular biomarkers in real samples. An
overview of the current state and future trends of biosensors in this field is given.
Keywords Biomarker
Biosensor
Detection
Diagnostics
Test format
Contents
1
Introduction........................................................................................................................
116
2
Biosensors and Biosensor Systems ...................................................................................
117
2.1
Biosensor Transduction Principles ...........................................................................
118
2.2
Biorecognition Layers ..............................................................................................
122
2.3
Biosensor Test Formats ............................................................................................
125
2.4
Biosensor System Setup and Microfluidic Integration ...........................................
129
3
Biosensors for the Detection of Biomarkers in Real Samples ........................................
131
3.1
Real Samples for Diagnostic Applications ..............................................................
131
3.2
Detection of Cardiac Biomarkers.............................................................................
132
3.3
Detection of Cancer Biomarkers..............................................................................
134
3.4
Detection of Biomarkers for Autoimmune Disorders .............................................
137
3.5
Detection of Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases .....................................
140
4
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................
141
References................................................................................................................................
142
F. J. Gruhl
B. E. Rapp
K. Länge (
)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Microstructure Technology,
Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
e-mail: kerstin.laenge@kit.edu
&
