Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
approach is understandable, but it is suggested
here that it will not provide the necessary inter-
action between improved understanding of how
erosion changes with scale and representation of
the effects of scale within erosion model struc-
tures. What is required is a recourse to data col-
lection, in a scale-explicit manner that is driven
by the requirements of the models that we would
like to develop. Model development and data col-
lection must then progress in an iterative sense,
such that model evaluation exercises (ideally
adopting the sort of approaches to uncertainty
analysis that are discussed in Chapter 4 and
illustrated in Chapter 5) highlight the type of data
that are required, and data collection provides
more scale-appropriate descriptions of the real
world with which to develop and evaluate
improved model structures or hypotheses.
Furthermore, we would suggest that empirical
data need to describe the spatial and temporal
variability of erosion and the characteristics of
the system that control erosion at each scale of
interest. As predicting erosion is a complex and
highly non-linear problem, describing the 'noise'
in the system and studying how this changes
with scale will be an important step towards
improved predictions of erosion across scales.
Finally, we advocate a particle-based approach
to the problem of scaling erosion predictions.
Such an approach may provide a means by
which improved fundamental understanding of
the physics of erosion can be incorporated into
erosion models, within a framework that is
explicit about changes in scale and can account
for the changes in dominant process that occur
with scale.
Bilotta, G.S., Brazier, R.E., Haygarth, P.M.,
et al
. (2008)
Rethinking the contribution of drained and undrained
grasslands to sediment related water quality prob-
lems.
Journal of Environmental Quality
37
: 906-14.
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0457
Birkenshaw, S.J. & Bathurst, J.C. (2006) Model study of
the relationship between sediment yield and river
basin area.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
31
: 750-61.
Blöschl, G. (1996) Scale and scaling in hydrology. In
Habilitationsschrift, Wiener Mitteilungen, Wasser-
Abwasser-Gewässer
Vol. 132, Institut für Hydraulik,
Gewässerkunde und Wasserwirtschaft, Technical
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Blösch, G. & Sivapalan, M. (1995) Scale issues in hydro-
logical modelling - a review.
Hydrological Processes
9
: 251-90.
Brazier, R.E. (2004). Quantifying soil erosion by water
in the UK; a review of monitoring and modelling
approaches.
Progress in Physical Geography
28
(3):
1-26.
Brazier, R.E., Heathwaite, A.L. & Liu, S. (2005) Scaling
issues relating to P transfer from land to water.
Journal of Hydrology
304
: 330-42.
Brazier, R.E., Parsons, A.J., Wainwright, J.,
et al
. (2007)
Upscaling understanding of nitrogen dynamics asso-
ciated with overland flow in a semi-arid environment.
Biogeochemistry
82
: 265-78. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-
007-9070
Brakensiek, L.D., Osborn, H.B. & Rawls, W.J. (1979)
Field Manual for Research in Agricultural Hydrology
.
USDA Agriculture Handbook 224.
Canfield, H.E. & Goodrich, D.C. (2006) The impact
of parameter lumping and geometric simplification in
modelling runoff and erosion in the shrublands
of southeast Arizona.
Hydrological Processes
20
:
17-35.
Chandler, J.H. (1999) Effective application of auto-
mated digital photogrammetry for geomorphological
research.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
24
: 51-63.
Coulthard, T.J. (2001) Landscape evolution models: a
software review.
Hydrological Processes
5
: 165-73.
De Vente, J. & Poesen, J. (2005) Predicting soil erosion
and sediment yield at the basin scale: scale issues
and semi-quantitative models.
Earth-Science Reviews
71
: 95-125.
Deasy, C. (2007)
Effects of scale on phosphorus transfer
in small agricultural catchments
. Unpublished PhD
thesis, University of Sheffield.
Deasy, C., Brazier R.E., Heathwaite, A.L. & Hodgkinson, R.
(2007) Scale-related sediment and phosphorus transfers
References
Abrahams, A.D., Parsons, A.J. & Luk, S.H. (1989)
Distribution of depth of overland flow on desert hills-
lopes and its implications for modelling soil erosion.
Journal of Hydrology
106
: 177-84.
Abrahams, A.D., Li, G. & Parsons, A.J. (1996) Rill
hydraulics on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
21
: 35-47.
Beven, K.J. 2004.
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: the Primer
.
John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
