Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
provide accurate prediction of class about 90% of the time. A major inaccuracy lies
with the unstable types and these because of the fact that there are three distinct types
of oils or fuels in this class, each very different, and because of the possible presence
of emulsion breakers or asphaltene suspenders in the oils. The greatest difficulty
however is separating meso-stable and stable types.
References
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Inst. Pet. 54 , 300-309 (1968)
2. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B.: Studies on water-in-oil products from crude oils and petroleum
products. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64 , 272-283 (2011)
3. Fingas, M., Fieldhouse, B.: Studies on crude oil and petroleum product emulsions: water
resolution and rheology. Colloid. Surf. A 333 , 67-81 (2009)
4. Fingas, M.: Models for water-in-oil emulsion formation (Chapter 10). Oil Spill Science and
Technology, pp. 243-273. Elsevier, New York (2011)
5. Groenzin, H., Mullins, O.C.: Asphaltene molecular size and weight by time-resolved fluo-
rescence depolarization. In: Mullins, O.C., Sheu, E.Y., Hammami, A., Marshall, A.G. (eds.)
Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils and Petroleomics, pp. 17-40. Springer, New York (2007)
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natural surface active components on the stability of water-in-toluene-diluted bitumen emul-
sion. Fuel 81 , 1859-1869 (2002)
7. NAS, Oil in the Sea III, Inputs, Fates and Effects, National Research Council, National Acad-
emies Press, Washington (2003)
8. Oakdale Engineering: DataFit. http://www.oakdaleengr.com/datafit.htm
9. Silset, A., Hannisdal, A. Hemmingsen, P., Sjöblom, J.: Emulsions of heavy crude oils. II.
Viscous responses and their influence on emulsion stabilitymeasurements. J. Disp. Sci. Technol.
1432-1445 (2010)
10. Sjöblom, J., Hemmingsen, P.V., Kallevik, H.: The role of asphaltenes in stabilizing water-
in-crude oil emulsions. In: Mullins, O.C., Sheu, E.Y. Hammami, A., Marshall, A.G.: (eds)
Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils and Petroleomics, pp. 549-608. Springer, New York (2007)
11. Systat Software Inc.: TableCurve 2D. http://www.sigmaplot.com/products/tablecurve2d/
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