Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 21.1
Interrelationship
of the research components
Urban Form and
Transportation
System
Parking
Policy
Private
VKT
Travel time
(VHT)
Air-Pollutant
Emissions from
Private Vehicles
system is impacted by a set of alternative policies. As stated, parking policies will
provide the focus of the present analysis.
The extent to which air-pollutant emissions can be reduced is dependent on the
chosen economic and physical parking measures that are employed. These
measures will directly impact private VKT and vehicle hours traveled (VHT).
VKT and travel time are closely related to the rate of air-pollutant emissions.
21.3.2 Parking Policies
The first policy measure is the reduction of the parking supply in the CBD of Tel
Aviv. This measure is modeled as follows. The total demand for motor vehicle trips
is assumed to be constant (fixed demand). The decreased parking supply in the CBD
results in a dispersion of trips to traffic zones outside the area. An application of this
policy using existing transportation planning models is illustrated in the next
section.
Following Marsden (
2006
), we assume a 20 % decrease in the total number of
trips to the CBD. These trips are further assumed to be diverted to other traffic zones
in the TAMA. This assumption stems from the fact that if alternative modes are not
considered (i.e., the total demand for vehicle trips is fixed), the reduction of parking
supply will affect mainly trip distribution. If we assume that a 20 % decrease in the
total number of trips to the CBD is diverted to other traffic zones, then together with
the assumption of fixed demand it will be necessary to distribute the 20 % of the
trips to other traffic zones in the metropolitan area. The transportation model
produces the outcome of this new situation in terms of VKT, travel times, and
average speed for each link in the network.
The second policy measure dealt with in this paper is an increase in parking fees.
Since parking fees vary across the CBD, an increase in parking fees will inadver-
tently affect parking search time (at least in the short term) because drivers will try
to look for cheaper parking places or even park far from their destination in order to
save on costs (Shoup
1999
). Therefore, this policy measure will be evaluated in
