Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1. Analgesics used in laboratory animals
G u i n e a
M o u s e
R a t
P i g
R a b b i t
C a t
D o g
S h e e p
P i g
Aspirin
120
100-150
50-100
100
10
20
-
-
(mg/kg)
p.o. every p.o. every p.o. every p.o. every p.o. every p.o. every
4 h
4 h
4 h
8 h
48 h
12 h
Carprofen
-
5-10 p.o.
-
2.2 p.o.
1-2 p.o.
4 p.o.,
-
-
(mg/kg)
every
every
SC every
12 h
12 h
24 h
Meloxicam
-
-
-
-
0.1 sid
0.2 SC
0.5
-
(mg/kg)
first day;
SC or
0.1 p.o.
IV once
1-3 w
Ketoprofen
5 every
1-3 every
-
1-3 IM
2 every
2 every
3 every
3 every
(mg/kg)
24 h
12 h IM
every
24 h;
24 h;
24 h;
24 h;
IM, SC
12-24 h
1-3 days
1-3 days
3 days
1 day
SC, IV
SC, IV
IV IM
IV, IM
Flunixin
2.5 every
2.5 every
2.5 every
1-2 SC
1 SC IM
1.1 IM
2.2 IV
0.5-1 SC
meglumin
12-24 h
12-24 h
12-24 h
IM every
every
once
every
(mg/kg)
SC
SC
SC
24 h
24 h
12-24 h
Morphine
2-5 SC
2-5 SC
2-5 SC
2-5 SC
0.1 SC, IM 0.2-5 SC,
-
0.2 IM SC
(mg/kg)
every
every
every
every
every
IM every
every 4 h
2-4 h
2-4 h
2-4 h
2-4 h
6 hours
4 hours
(< 20 total)
Fentanyl
-
-
-
Half a
25
10-20 kg:50
-
-
transdermal
25 patch
every
20-30 kg:75
patch (
ยต
g/h)
every 72 h
96 h
>30 kg:100
every 72 h
well as shapes and surfaces of defects are reproducible. Straight bones (metatarsus, mid-femur
or tiba) allow good reproducibility in data acquisition for histomorphometry and biomechani-
cal assays whereas curved bone (radius or ulna) do not. In such situations only semi-quantitative
methods can be used.
Model-Associated Morbidity
High morbidity in animal models often reflects poor surgical procedure design. When se-
lecting a model, associated morbidity should be critically assessed and designs with high mor-
bidity should be discarded. Models developed in the oral cavity and models using external
fixation are more prone to post-operative complications.
Unless contraindicated, pain control must systematically be provided through the peroperative
and early post-operative periods (Table 1). Amongst the most commonly described experimen-
tal procedures, experimental fractures, bone transfers, massive corticocancellous graft collec-
tions and bilaterally performed orthopaedic procedures are extremely painful and provide ma-
jor subject discomfort and stress. External fixation provides some degree of permanent
discomfort. Transdermal fentanyl patches can be used in conjunction with conventional
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