Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5: contd....
Toxin
Assay organism
LD
50
Value
Authors
[(6Z)-Adda
5
] MC-RR
Mouse bioassay
>1200
Harada
et al
. (1990a)
MC-YR
Mouse bioassay
Pigs**
70
1000
Botes
et al
. (1985);
Watanabe
et al
. (1988)
Falconer
et al
. (1999)
[D-Asp
3
] MC-HtyR
Mouse bioassay
160-300
Harada
et al
. (1991a)
[D-Glu-OC
2
H
3
(CH
3
)
6
]
MC-LR
Mouse bioassay
>1000
Namikoshi
et al
. (1992a)
MC-HtyR
Mouse bioassay
80-100
Harada
et al
. (1991a)
MC-WR
Mouse bioassay
150-200
Namikoshi
et al
. (1992a)
[L-MeLan
7
] MC-LR
Mouse bioassay
1000
Namikoshi
et al
. (1995)
Nodularin
Mouse bioassay
50
Chorus and Bartram (1999)
CYN
Mouse bioassay
200-2000
Anatoxin-a
Mouse bioassay
375
<100 i.v.
5000 oral
2000 nasal
Fitzepore
et al
. (1994)
Homoanatoxin
Mouse bioassay
250
Kupier-Goodman
et al
. (1999)
Anatoxin-a(s)
Mouse bioassay
50
Kupier-Goodman
et al
. (1999)
STXs
Mouse bioassay
Male Mice
Female mice
10
3.4 i.v.
263 oral
8.0
Wiberg and Stephensen (1960);
Kupier-Goodman
et al
. (1999)
Rats** 24 hrs old
Rats 21 day old
Rats Adults (60-70 days)
5.5
64 oral
8.3
270 oral
10
531 oral
Watts
et al
. (1966);
Kupier-Goodman
et al
. (1999)
Antillatoxin*
Mouse bioassay
20.1±6.4 nM
Berman
et al
. (1999)
Kalkitoxin*
Mouse bioassay
Goldfi sh (
Carassius auratus
)
Brine shrimp (
Artemia salina
)
3.8±1.91 nM
700 nM
170 nM
Berman
et al
. (1999)
Wu
et al
. (2000)
*The values represent LC
50
.
**Until unless specially stated the toxins were given through i.p. route and the respective doses were in µg kg
-1
body
weight.
1999) and accumulate MCs (Mohamed, 2001). Thus this constitutes the fi rst step in the food chain for
biomagnifi cation. Cultures of calanoid copepods
Acartia tonsa
and
Eurytemora affi nis
and an oligotrich
ciliate
Strombidium sulcatum
took up measurable amounts of tritiated nodularin when exposed to
3
H-dihydronodularin suggesting that dissolved toxins can get accumulated at higher trophic levels
even if planktonic grazers would avoid feeding on toxic cyanobacteria (Karjalainen
et al
., 2003).
