Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 5:
Lyngbya wollei
mats (A), a single fi lament of
L
.
wollei
(B), fi laments of
Lyngbya
sp. stained with 5-Sytox green
under epifl uorescence microscope (C) and same as in (C) high resolution (D). Pictures A and B courtesy Mark T. Aubel,
GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205, Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, Florida 32177, USA (http://www.greenwaterlab.
com/photo_algal.htm). Pictures C and D courtesy Barry H. Rosen, USGS, USGS-Offi ce of the Regional Executive-SE Area
12703 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA (http://microbiology.usgs.gov/image_gallery_cyanobacteria_lyngbya_
epifl uorescence_sytox.html).
Color image of this figure appears in the color plate section at the end of the topic.
The substitution by D-serine in place of D-alanine in
Nostoc
sp. strain 152 resulted in the formation
of [D-Ser
1
, ADM Adda
5
] MC-LR (Sivonen
et al
., 1992b). The presence of N-methylserine (Mser) in
place of N-methyldehydroalanine in
Microcystis
spp. formed [Mser
7
] MC-LR (Namikoshi
et al
.,
1992a, 1995). This has also been reported subsequently in
M
.
aeruginosa
strain B2666 (Diehnelt
et al
.,
2006). The replacement of D-Glu by D-Glu (OC
3
H
7
O) in
Microcystis
spp. formed [D-Glu (OC
3
H
7
O)
6
]
MC-LR (Namikoshi
et al
., 1992a). In
Nostoc
sp., L-arginine is replaced by L-homoarginine resulting
in the formation of [D-Asp
3
, ADM Adda
5
] MC-LHar (Namikoshi
et al
., 1991). The same species of
MC was also noted in
Nostoc
sp. strain 152 (Sivonen
et al
., 1991, 1992b). In
A
.
fl os-aquae
, L-tyrosine
is substituted by L-homotyrosine (Hty) forming a modifi ed form of MC-YR that is known as
[D-Asp
3
] MC-HtyR (Harada
et al
., 1991a). [D-Asp
3
] MC-LR was reported from
A
.
fl os
-
aquae
and
M
.
viridis
(Krishnamurthy
et al
., 1989; Harada
et al.,
1991a,),
O
.
agardhii
(Luukkainen
et al
., 1993) and
Antarctic cyanobacterial communities (Jungblut
et al
., 2006). Likewise, [Dha
7
] MC-LR is known from
M
.
aeruginosa
(Harada
et al
., 1991b),
Anabaena
sp. strain 202A1 and 202A2 (Sivonen
et al
., 1992a) and
O
.
agardhii
(Luukkainen
et al
., 1993). Another variant of MC, [D-Asp
3
, Dha
7
] MC-LR was reported
