Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Large organizations with multiple locations could take a more structured approach and
assign each location a bank of subnets as in the following:
• 2001:DB8:A00:0000—Assigned to New York location
• 2001:DB8:A00:4000—Assigned to London location
• 2001:DB8:A00:8000—Assigned to Shanghai location
With this strategy, each location has 4000 hexadecimal subnet IDs to work with. For example,
New York can make subnets 2001:DB8:A00:0000, 2001:DB8:A00:0001, 2001:DB8:A00:0002,
and so forth, up to 2001:DB8:A00:3FFF. Put another way, each location can configure up to
16,384 subnets. As you can see, subnetting does still exist in IPv6, but it's a more straightforward
process than in IPv4.
For more on IPv6, see
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb878121.aspx
.
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Windows Server 2008 and Vista have a new way of visualizing a computer's network con-
nection: the Network and Sharing Center, where you can view the status of network con-
nections and configure their properties. This window is organized into these sections:
a network map, Sharing and Discovery, and Tasks.
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The network map is a visual representation of computers and connecting devices in
your network. In the Sharing and Discovery section, you can enable and disable func-
tions for network discovery, file sharing, public folder sharing, and printer sharing. The
Tasks section has links to perform tasks such as viewing computers, connecting to a
network, setting up a network connection, managing a network, and diagnosing net-
work problems.
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TCP/IPv4, the predominant networking protocol in use today, is actually a suite of proto-
cols and services, such as DNS, DHCP, TCP, IPv4, ICMP, and ARP, among others.
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TCP/IP communication usually involves a DNS lookup and an ARP request. ARP is used
to get the MAC address for a computer or router to which a packet must be sent. ARP is
used only to get the MAC address of devices on the same network as the computer send-
ing the request.
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An IP address is a 32-bit dotted decimal number divided into four octets. Every IP address
must have a subnet mask to indicate which part of the IP address is the network ID and
which part is the host ID. There are three IP address classes: A, B, and C, each with a
default subnet mask.
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Subnetting uses a modified subnet mask to divide a large network into smaller, more man-
ageable networks. An IP network is referred to as a broadcast domain. Subnetting reduces
the adverse effect of the many broadcasts in a large broadcast domain. Subnetting also
conserves IP addresses by assigning to a company only the number of public IP addresses
it requires.
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You can configure multiple IP addresses and default gateways on a network connec-
tion. A computer with two or more NICs is called a multihomed server. Multihoming
can cause problems with internal routing on a computer, which can be fixed with the
Route command.
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Several command-line tools are available for checking status and troubleshooting IP con-
figuration, including Ping, Ipconfig, Arp, Tracert, and Nslookup.
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