Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.5
Ice layers in Lake P
ää
j
ä
rvi in March
Year
Total
ice
Congelation
ice
Snow
ice
Snow Water
level
Comments
1993
33
30
3
10
−
0.1
Low ridge in the lake
1994
67
54
13
5
3.0
1995
43
26
17
7
2.0
1996
43
38
5
30
−
5.0
1997
35
21
14
1
3.0
Slush layer with algae in ice
1998
52
42
10
5
4.0
1999
53
30
23
6
3.0
Slush 14
-
17 cm from top
2000
36
22
14
7
2.0
2001
37
20
17
1
3.0
2002
41
30
11
2
2.0
2003
80
70
10
0
-
Freeboard estimated as
10 cm
2004
45
33
12
22
2.0
2005
51
31
20
8
2.0
Slush layer with algae in ice
2006
48
44
4
16
2.0
2007
37
26
11
0
2.0
2008
28
28
0
0
1.0
−
1.0
2009
33
25
8
19
2010
53
30
23
0
5.0
Slush layer with algae in ice
2011
50
26
24
11
2.0
2012
42
17
25
3
3.0
2013
44
16
28
9
2.0
2014
24
23
1
3
2.0
Lowest thickness, mostly
bare ice
Mean
44.3
31.0
13.3
7.5
2.5
St.
dev.
12.5
12.5
8.1
8.0
0.9
Min 24 23 0 0
-
5.0
Max 80 70 28 30 5.0
The thicknesses of congelation ice, snow-ice and snow, and water level elevation with respect to the
ice surface (cm)
layer developed within the snow-ice layer, and the presence of algae could be visually
observed. Lepp
ä
ranta and Kosloff (2000) reported that the density of snow on Lake
0.33 g cm
−
3
.
P
ää
j
ä
rvi is 0.23
-
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