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Fig. 2.18 Long-term averages of ice-on (white squares) and ice-off (black squares) in several
European lakes (Kirillin et al. 2012). Data are from: Lake Stechlin, Germany, 1961 - 2002 (Bernhardt
et al. 2011); Lakes Jesiorak and Hancza, Poland, 1961 - 2000 (Marszelewski and Skowron 2006);
Lakes Samro, Segozero, and Kovdozero, Russia, 1936 - 1989 (Efremova and Palshin 2011); Lake
Vendyurskoe, Russian Karelia, 1994 - 2000 and 2007 - 2011 (Terzhevik, unpublished); Lake P ää j ä rvi,
Finland, 1910 - 1988 (K ä rk ä s 2000); and Lake Kilpisj ä rvi, Finland, 1964 - 2008 (Lei et al. 2012). The
error bars for Lakes Stechlin and Kilpisj ä rvi show the earliest and the latest observed values
Fig. 2.19 Year-to-year variation of ice cover of Lake Ladoga from 1943 to 2010 (1944 and 1948
are missing) using various sensors from airplane and satellites (Karetnikov and Naumenko 2011;
Karetnikov et al. 2015)
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