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Temperature (
°
C/10)
(a)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
50
7 Dec2
27
22
17
12
7
2 Nov
(b)
-2
Net heat flux (W m
)
400
300
200
100
0
2
Nov 5
10
15
20
25
30 1 Dec 57
-100
-2
Wind stress (N m )
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2 Nov 5
10
15
20
25
30 1 Dec
57
Time
Fig. 7.5
Lake cooling simulation for Lake V
ä
sman, November 2
-
December 7, 1981 by PROBE:
a
The simulated (solid line) and measured (dashed line) temperature profiles at every 5 days;
b
Net
heat loss and wind stress (Sahlberg 1983). Note Temperature is given in tenths of a degree, the scale
is from 0 to 8
°
C
not take place. Thermal signals are, however, transmitted across the ice sheet. Sunlight
penetrates ice or snow surface and reaches the water body, unless there is a thick snow
cover on top, and heat can leak out from the lake slowly by molecular conduction through
ice and snow. In summary, the modifying in
fl
uence of a complete ice cover is on the lake
physics as follows:
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